- •Часть II
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 Oil exploration
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pay attention to the pronunciation the following words.
- •2. Read the text “Exploration methods” and fulfill the exercises. Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •3. Give definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Find English equivalents to the following Russian sentences.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •6. Pronounce the following terms. Pay attention to the letters in bold.
- •7. Scan the text “Finding oil» and answer the after-text questions Finding Oil
- •8. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •9. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
- •10. Read the text “How to find oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Find Oil
- •11. Form adjectives and nouns from the following verbs.
- •12. Give the Russian equivalent to the following terms.
- •13. Give the English equivalent to the Russian term.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •15. Read the text “Geological Prospecting” and fulfill the exercises. Geological Prospecting
- •16. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •17. Draw a diagram of geological prospecting and describe it.
- •Wordlist
- •Unit 2 oil extraction
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the underlined stress.
- •2. The following words and phrases appear in the text.
- •3. Complete the following table. The final column of the table should be completed by filling the word class judging by its position in relation to other words and its function in the text.
- •4. Read the text “How to Extract Oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Extract Oil
- •10. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Work in pairs. Ask your partner the following questions.
- •Wordlist
- •Unit 3 reservoir rock properties
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •2. Read the text “Hydrocarbon traps” and fulfill the exercises.
- •Hydrocarbon Traps
- •3. Say whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them according to the text.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •5. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold and the underlined stress.
- •6. Read the text “Migration and accumulation of petroleum” and fulfill the exercises. Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum
- •7. Form adjectives and nouns from the following verbs.
- •8. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones.
- •9. Define the following terms.
- •11. Answer the following questions.
- •12. Put a preposition into the following gaps.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •13. Detailed reading. Read the text “Porosity” and fulfill the exercises. Porosity
- •14. Give the Russian equivalents to the English ones.
- •15. State the synonyms to the following terms.
- •16. Translate the following sentences.
- •17. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •18. Read the text “Permeability” and fulfill the exercises. Permeability
- •Factors affecting the magnitude of permeability
- •19. Find the words to the following definitions and translate them into Russian.
- •20. Match the word phrases in the left column with the word phrases in the right. Find them in the text and write these sentences out. Give Russian equivalent to the English ones.
- •21. Fill in the gaps with the missing words.
- •22. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •23. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.
- •24. Read the text Wettability” and fulfill the exercises. Wettability
- •25. Give the Russian equivalents to the English ones.
- •26. Read the sentences and decide whether they are True (t) or False (f). If false, correct the statement.
- •27. Answer the following questions and find the proof in the text.
- •28. Complete the sentences using the terms of the text.
- •29. Work in pairs. Compose dialogues describing primary and secondary hydrocarbon migration using the terminology of the text and communicative formulae (pg. 19).
- •30. You have to give a lecture on reservoir rock properties. Two groups work out presentations on this topic. Wordlist
- •Unit 4
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Read the text “Coring” and fulfill the exercises. Coring
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •2. Define the following terms with their similar meaning in Russian.
- •3. Give the Russian equivalent to the following terms.
- •4. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •5. Read the text “(Wire) Well Logging Techniques” and fulfill the exercises.
- •7. Give the English equivalents to the Russian words.
- •8. Complete the sentences using the following terminology.
- •Several types of measurements produce information on formation rock ______ _______, density, radioactivity, porosity, ______ , _______, fluid saturation and permeability.
- •______ _______ Invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •______ _______ Measure formation radioactivity.
- •9. Answer the following questions.
- •11. Scan the text “Well stimulation”. Find the particular information:
- •Well Stimulation
- •Acidizing
- •12. Groupwork. Discuss the above given task. Use the communicative formulae (pg. 19)
- •13. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •14. Read the text “Drive Mechanisms” and fulfill the exercises. First study the following specific term definitions to help you understand the text.
- •Drive Mechanisms
- •1. Water drive; 2. Dissolved – gas drive 3. Gas – cap drive
- •15. Give synonyms to the following words.
- •16. Define the following terms.
- •17. State whether the following statements are true or false.
- •18. Answer the following questions.
- •19. In pairs discuss advantages and disadvantages of drive mechanisms you know.
- •Wordlist
- •Appendix using oil
- •References
- •Часть II
23. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.
Adhesion porous medium immiscible neutral ruptures intermediate irreducible
Interfacially stabilized analyses constituents
24. Read the text Wettability” and fulfill the exercises. Wettability
Wettability is the term used to describe the relative adhesion of two fluids to a solid surface. In a porous medium containing two or more immiscible fluids, wettabilty is a measure of the preferential tendency of one of the fluids to wet (spread or adhere) the surface.
In water – wet brine-oil-rock system, water will occupy the smaller pores and wet the major portion of the surfaces in the larger pores. In area of high oil saturation, the oil rests on a film of water spread over the surface. If the rock surface is preferentially water-wet and the rock is saturated with oil, water will imbibe into the smaller pores, displacing oil from the core when the system is in contact with water.
If the rock surface is preferentially oil-wet, even though it may be saturated with water, the core will imbibe oil into the smaller pores, displacing water from the core when it is contacted with water. Thus, a core saturated with oil is water-wet if it will imbibe water and, conversely, a core saturated with water is oil-wet if it will imbibe oil.
Actually, the wettability of a system can range from strongly water-wet to strongly oil-water depending on the brine-oil interactions with the rock surface. If no preference is shown by the rock to either fluid, the system is said to exhibit neutral wettability or intermediate wettability, a condition that one might visualize as being equally wet by both fluids (50% \ 50% wettability)
Other descriptive terms have evolved from the realization that components from the oil may wet selected areas throughout the rock surface. Thus, fractional wettability implies spotted, heterogeneous wetting of the surface, labeled “Dalmatian wetting” (by Brown and Fatt). Fractional wettability means that scattered areas throughout the rock are strongly wet by oil, whereas the rest of the area is strongly water-wet. Fractional wettability occurs when the surfaces of the rocks are composed of many minerals that have very different surface chemical properties, leading to variations in wettability throughout the internal surfaces of the pores.
This concept is different from neutral wettability, which is used to imply that all portions of the rock have an equal preference for water or oil. Cores exhibiting fractional wettability will imbibe a small quantity of water when oil saturation is high and also will imbibe a small amount of oil when the water saturation is high.
The term “mixed wettability” commonly refers to the conditions where the smaller pores are occupied by water and are water-wet, but the larger pores of the rock are oil-wet and a continuous filament of oil exists throughout the core in the larger pores. Because the oil is located in the large pores of the rock in a continuous path, oil displacement from the core occurs even at very low oil saturation; hence, the residual oil saturation of mixed-wettability rocks is usually low.
Mixed wettability can occur when oil containing interfacially active polar organic compounds invade a water-wet rock saturated with brine. After displacing brine from the larger pores, the interfacially –active compounds react with the rock surface, displacing the remaining aqueous film and, thus, producing an oil-wet lining in the large pores. The water film between the rock and the oil in the pore is stabilized by a double layer of electrostatic forces. As the thickness of the film is diminished by the invading oil, the electrostatic force balance is destroyed and the film ruptures, allowing the polar organic compounds to displace the remaining water and react directly with the rock surface.
Wettability has a profound influence on all types of fluid-rock interactions: capillary pressure, relative permeability, electrical properties, irreducible water saturation and residual oil and water saturations. On the other hand, the wettability is affected by minerals exposed to fluids in the pores of the rock, chemical constituents in the fluids and the saturation history of the samples. Wettability presents a serious problem for core analyses because drilling fluids and core-handling procedures may change the native-state wetting properties, leading to erroneous conclusions from laboratory tests.
(F.K. North, Petroleum Geology, London, 1985)