- •Часть II
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 Oil exploration
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pay attention to the pronunciation the following words.
- •2. Read the text “Exploration methods” and fulfill the exercises. Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •3. Give definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Find English equivalents to the following Russian sentences.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •6. Pronounce the following terms. Pay attention to the letters in bold.
- •7. Scan the text “Finding oil» and answer the after-text questions Finding Oil
- •8. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •9. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
- •10. Read the text “How to find oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Find Oil
- •11. Form adjectives and nouns from the following verbs.
- •12. Give the Russian equivalent to the following terms.
- •13. Give the English equivalent to the Russian term.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •15. Read the text “Geological Prospecting” and fulfill the exercises. Geological Prospecting
- •16. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •17. Draw a diagram of geological prospecting and describe it.
- •Wordlist
- •Unit 2 oil extraction
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the underlined stress.
- •2. The following words and phrases appear in the text.
- •3. Complete the following table. The final column of the table should be completed by filling the word class judging by its position in relation to other words and its function in the text.
- •4. Read the text “How to Extract Oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Extract Oil
- •10. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Work in pairs. Ask your partner the following questions.
- •Wordlist
- •Unit 3 reservoir rock properties
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •2. Read the text “Hydrocarbon traps” and fulfill the exercises.
- •Hydrocarbon Traps
- •3. Say whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them according to the text.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •5. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold and the underlined stress.
- •6. Read the text “Migration and accumulation of petroleum” and fulfill the exercises. Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum
- •7. Form adjectives and nouns from the following verbs.
- •8. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones.
- •9. Define the following terms.
- •11. Answer the following questions.
- •12. Put a preposition into the following gaps.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •13. Detailed reading. Read the text “Porosity” and fulfill the exercises. Porosity
- •14. Give the Russian equivalents to the English ones.
- •15. State the synonyms to the following terms.
- •16. Translate the following sentences.
- •17. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •18. Read the text “Permeability” and fulfill the exercises. Permeability
- •Factors affecting the magnitude of permeability
- •19. Find the words to the following definitions and translate them into Russian.
- •20. Match the word phrases in the left column with the word phrases in the right. Find them in the text and write these sentences out. Give Russian equivalent to the English ones.
- •21. Fill in the gaps with the missing words.
- •22. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •23. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.
- •24. Read the text Wettability” and fulfill the exercises. Wettability
- •25. Give the Russian equivalents to the English ones.
- •26. Read the sentences and decide whether they are True (t) or False (f). If false, correct the statement.
- •27. Answer the following questions and find the proof in the text.
- •28. Complete the sentences using the terms of the text.
- •29. Work in pairs. Compose dialogues describing primary and secondary hydrocarbon migration using the terminology of the text and communicative formulae (pg. 19).
- •30. You have to give a lecture on reservoir rock properties. Two groups work out presentations on this topic. Wordlist
- •Unit 4
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Read the text “Coring” and fulfill the exercises. Coring
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •2. Define the following terms with their similar meaning in Russian.
- •3. Give the Russian equivalent to the following terms.
- •4. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •5. Read the text “(Wire) Well Logging Techniques” and fulfill the exercises.
- •7. Give the English equivalents to the Russian words.
- •8. Complete the sentences using the following terminology.
- •Several types of measurements produce information on formation rock ______ _______, density, radioactivity, porosity, ______ , _______, fluid saturation and permeability.
- •______ _______ Invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •______ _______ Measure formation radioactivity.
- •9. Answer the following questions.
- •11. Scan the text “Well stimulation”. Find the particular information:
- •Well Stimulation
- •Acidizing
- •12. Groupwork. Discuss the above given task. Use the communicative formulae (pg. 19)
- •13. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •14. Read the text “Drive Mechanisms” and fulfill the exercises. First study the following specific term definitions to help you understand the text.
- •Drive Mechanisms
- •1. Water drive; 2. Dissolved – gas drive 3. Gas – cap drive
- •15. Give synonyms to the following words.
- •16. Define the following terms.
- •17. State whether the following statements are true or false.
- •18. Answer the following questions.
- •19. In pairs discuss advantages and disadvantages of drive mechanisms you know.
- •Wordlist
- •Appendix using oil
- •References
- •Часть II
12. Groupwork. Discuss the above given task. Use the communicative formulae (pg. 19)
13. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
artificial effective increase reduction depletion sufficient
reservoir unnecessary horizontal hydrostatic prevent exist
provide mechanism dissolve
14. Read the text “Drive Mechanisms” and fulfill the exercises. First study the following specific term definitions to help you understand the text.
oil sands |
sand or porous rock saturated with oil. |
drive |
natural pressure which forces oil to the surface. |
dissolved – gas drive |
pressure from gas dissolved in the oil. The dissolved gas expands and forces the oil to move. |
gas –cap drive |
pressure from a large amount of gas above the oil. The gas expands and forces the oil to move. |
water drive |
pressure from water below the oil that forces the oil to move. |
Christmas tree |
a system of valves to control the pressure of the drive in a particular well. It controls the rate of flow to the surface. |
secondary recovery |
reworking of an oil field that previously could not be brought to the surface. |
proved reserves |
the amount of oil discovered but still in the ground. |
ultimate reserves |
the amount of oil believed to be in the ground based on estimates by oil geologists. Both proved reserves and ultimate reserves are measured in barrels of oil. |
pool |
a single discrete accumulation of oil in a single reservoir with a single trap. |
field |
a) an area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on, or related to the same individual geological structural feature and \ or stratigraphic condition. b).set of porous rocks containing hydrocarbons. |
reserves |
sources discovered by successful exploration. |
resource |
portions of reserves that have been shown to be accessible and recoverable under current economic and technologic conditions. |
Drive Mechanisms
The term “oil pools” refers to deposits of petroleum as though there were underground lakes of oil. A more accurate term, however, is one that is often used in the petroleum industry: oil sands.
The deposits are, in other words, more often like piles of sand or porous rock that have been saturated with oil. Oil does not really flow rapidly through sand or rock, of course, and so it must be pushed or driven. Natural flow is when the reservoir delivers fluid to the well bore. Sufficient pressure energy is needed to li ft the fluid to the surface.
There are three kinds of natural drives, as the forces that push the oil are called. Each drive involves the gas and water that are almost always found with oil.
First is the dissolved – gas drive. Gas is dissolved in the oil. As it expands, it exerts the pressure which pushes the oil through rock or sand. Recovery is slow when this type of drive is encountered.
Second is the gas – cap drive. Gas has not only dissolved in the oil: a large amount of it has formed above the oil. As the gas expands, it pushes the oil through the rock or sand at a more rapid rate than when only dissolved gas is present.
Third is the water drive, in which there is a large amount of water below the oil. Pressure forces the water upward into the oil – bearing rock or sand and moves the oil ahead of it.
If none of these drives is present, the oil must be pumped to the surface. This is more expensive than when natural drives are present, since power for the pumping must be supplied.
Artificial lift – is when insufficient pressure energy exists. In this case the well may require assistance by the application of artificial lift. This provides all or portion of the vertical lift pressure losses.
Gravity drive is less common, although it’s an ideal recovery mechanism. The hydrostatic pressure on the oil column and pressure of the gas cap provide the drive to a producing well system. For this drive to be effective it requires maximum structural dip, low oil viscosity, good vertical and horizontal permeability.
Compaction drive. The oil in the reservoir (pore space) is compressed by the weight of overlying sediments and pressure of the fluid is withdrawn from the reservoir, then the pressure depletion can be compensated by the overlying sediments compacting lower sediments. This impact creates a reduction on porosity and thus a potential compression effect.
Combination drive. The production of fluids in the majority of reservoirs is not controlled by one but often by several drive mechanisms in combination.
In the early days of the oil industry, new wells often came in as gushers. In these wells great underground pressure forced the oil upward without any control, and it was necessary to wait until it dropped enough for the oil to flow at a normal rate before any of it could be recovered. Of course, a great deal of oil wasted when a well gushed in this way.
Today, with the great increase in the price of oil – and therefore the value – great care is taken to prevent gushers. They are indeed quite rare, thanks to the use of modern technology. The petroleum industry today is very much concerned about acquiring the greatest possible amount of oil from each deposit without unnecessary waste.
Fig.6. Drive Mechanisms: