- •Часть II
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 Oil exploration
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pay attention to the pronunciation the following words.
- •2. Read the text “Exploration methods” and fulfill the exercises. Exploration Methods
- •Elements of a petroleum prospect
- •Terms used in petroleum evaluation
- •3. Give definitions to the following terms.
- •4. Find English equivalents to the following Russian sentences.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •6. Pronounce the following terms. Pay attention to the letters in bold.
- •7. Scan the text “Finding oil» and answer the after-text questions Finding Oil
- •8. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •9. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
- •10. Read the text “How to find oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Find Oil
- •11. Form adjectives and nouns from the following verbs.
- •12. Give the Russian equivalent to the following terms.
- •13. Give the English equivalent to the Russian term.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •15. Read the text “Geological Prospecting” and fulfill the exercises. Geological Prospecting
- •16. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •17. Draw a diagram of geological prospecting and describe it.
- •Wordlist
- •Unit 2 oil extraction
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the underlined stress.
- •2. The following words and phrases appear in the text.
- •3. Complete the following table. The final column of the table should be completed by filling the word class judging by its position in relation to other words and its function in the text.
- •4. Read the text “How to Extract Oil” and fulfill the exercises. How to Extract Oil
- •10. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Work in pairs. Ask your partner the following questions.
- •Wordlist
- •Unit 3 reservoir rock properties
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •2. Read the text “Hydrocarbon traps” and fulfill the exercises.
- •Hydrocarbon Traps
- •3. Say whether the following statements are true or false. If false, correct them according to the text.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •5. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold and the underlined stress.
- •6. Read the text “Migration and accumulation of petroleum” and fulfill the exercises. Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum
- •7. Form adjectives and nouns from the following verbs.
- •8. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones.
- •9. Define the following terms.
- •11. Answer the following questions.
- •12. Put a preposition into the following gaps.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •13. Detailed reading. Read the text “Porosity” and fulfill the exercises. Porosity
- •14. Give the Russian equivalents to the English ones.
- •15. State the synonyms to the following terms.
- •16. Translate the following sentences.
- •17. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •18. Read the text “Permeability” and fulfill the exercises. Permeability
- •Factors affecting the magnitude of permeability
- •19. Find the words to the following definitions and translate them into Russian.
- •20. Match the word phrases in the left column with the word phrases in the right. Find them in the text and write these sentences out. Give Russian equivalent to the English ones.
- •21. Fill in the gaps with the missing words.
- •22. Answer the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •23. Pronounce the following words. Pay special attention to the letters in bold.
- •24. Read the text Wettability” and fulfill the exercises. Wettability
- •25. Give the Russian equivalents to the English ones.
- •26. Read the sentences and decide whether they are True (t) or False (f). If false, correct the statement.
- •27. Answer the following questions and find the proof in the text.
- •28. Complete the sentences using the terms of the text.
- •29. Work in pairs. Compose dialogues describing primary and secondary hydrocarbon migration using the terminology of the text and communicative formulae (pg. 19).
- •30. You have to give a lecture on reservoir rock properties. Two groups work out presentations on this topic. Wordlist
- •Unit 4
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •1. Read the text “Coring” and fulfill the exercises. Coring
- •Drill Stem Tests
- •2. Define the following terms with their similar meaning in Russian.
- •3. Give the Russian equivalent to the following terms.
- •4. Find the answers to the following questions.
- •Terms and Vocabulary
- •5. Read the text “(Wire) Well Logging Techniques” and fulfill the exercises.
- •7. Give the English equivalents to the Russian words.
- •8. Complete the sentences using the following terminology.
- •Several types of measurements produce information on formation rock ______ _______, density, radioactivity, porosity, ______ , _______, fluid saturation and permeability.
- •______ _______ Invades the rock surrounding the wellbore, affects the logging of the hole and must be accounted for.
- •______ _______ Measure formation radioactivity.
- •9. Answer the following questions.
- •11. Scan the text “Well stimulation”. Find the particular information:
- •Well Stimulation
- •Acidizing
- •12. Groupwork. Discuss the above given task. Use the communicative formulae (pg. 19)
- •13. Pay attention to the underlined stress in the following words.
- •14. Read the text “Drive Mechanisms” and fulfill the exercises. First study the following specific term definitions to help you understand the text.
- •Drive Mechanisms
- •1. Water drive; 2. Dissolved – gas drive 3. Gas – cap drive
- •15. Give synonyms to the following words.
- •16. Define the following terms.
- •17. State whether the following statements are true or false.
- •18. Answer the following questions.
- •19. In pairs discuss advantages and disadvantages of drive mechanisms you know.
- •Wordlist
- •Appendix using oil
- •References
- •Часть II
Unit 4
FORMATION EVALUATION
In petroleum exploration and development, formation evaluation is used to determine whether a potential oil or gas field is commercially viable. Essentially, it is the process of "recognizing a commercial well when you drill one".
Lead –in
How can you determine a well to be a commercial one?
What are formation evaluation tools?
What is mud logging?
What is coring?
Terms and Vocabulary
coring |
отбор кернов |
core barrel |
керноотборник |
plug |
заглушка |
fracture |
разрыв, трещина |
reservoir evaluation |
оценка свойств и запасов коллектора |
mooring cable |
швартовный канат |
sidewall coring |
отбор кернов боковым керноотборником |
fluid properties |
свойства флюида |
cоre bullet |
боёк стреляющего керноотборника |
wellbore |
ствол скважины |
drill stem |
бурильная колонна |
drilling mud |
буровой раствор |
formation segregation |
разобщение пластов |
contamination |
загрязнение |
abandon a well |
ликвидировать скважину, прекращать бурение по техническим или геологическим причинам |
bit |
долото |
full core |
керн, полученный при колонковом бурении |
coring gun |
стреляющий боковой керноотборник |
differential sticking |
прихват бурильной колонны за счёт перепада давления в стволе скважины |
cuttings |
буровой шлам |
core barrel
retain (v) encounter (v) moor to (v) coherent rock intact (v)
|
керноотборник, колонковая труба, цилиндр сохранять; удерживать встретить(ся), столкнуться причалить; пришвартовать(ся) сцементированный сохранять
|
1. Read the text “Coring” and fulfill the exercises. Coring
One way to get more samples of the formation at a certain depth in the well is coring. There are two techniques commonly used at present. The first is the "whole core", a cylinder of rock, usually about 3" to 4" in diameter and, with good luck, up to 50 - 60 feet long. It is cut with a "core barrel", a hollow pipe tipped with a ring shaped, diamond chip studded bit that can cut a plug and retain it in a trip to the surface.
If no shales or fractures are encountered, the full 60 foot length of the core barrel can be filled. More often the plug breaks while drilling, usually at the aforementioned shales or fractures and the core barrel jams, very slowly grinding the rocks in front of it to powder. This signals the driller to give up on getting a full length core and to pull up the pipe.
Taking a full core is an expensive operation that usually stops or slows drilling for at least the better part of a day. A full core can be invaluable for later reservoir evaluation. One of the tragedies of the oil business is the huge amount of money that has been spent for cores that have been lost because of the high cost of storage. Once a section of well has been drilled, there is, of course, no way to core it without drilling another well.
The other, cheaper, technique for obtaining samples of the formation is "Sidewall Coring". In this method, a steel cylinder—a coring gun—has hollow-point steel bullets mounted along its sides. These bullets are moored to the gun by short steel cables. The coring gun is lowered to the bottom of the well and the bullets are fired individually as the gun is pulled up the hole. The mooring cables ideally pull the hollow bullets and the enclosed plug of formation loose and the gun carries them to the surface.
Advantages of this technique are low cost and the ability to sample the formation after it has been drilled. Disadvantages are possible non recovery because of lost or misfired bullets and a slight uncertainty about the sample depth. Sidewall cores are often shot "on the run" without stopping at each core point because of the danger of differential sticking. Most service company personnel are skilled enough to minimize this problem, but it can be significant if depth accuracy is important.
Cores are cut where specific lithologic and rock parameter data are required. They are cut by a hollow core barrel which goes down around the rock core as drilling proceeds. Cores are preferable to well cuttings because they produce coherent rock. They are significantly more expensive to obtain, however.
A more serious problem with cores is the change they undergo as they are brought to the surface. It might seem that cuttings and cores are very direct samples but the problem is whether the formation at depth will produce oil or gas. Sidewall cores are deformed and compacted and fractured by the bullet impact. Most full cores that are taken from any significant depth expand and fracture as they are brought to the surface and removed from the core barrel.
Coring supplies intact specimens of the formation. It is the only method of making “direct” measurements of rock and fluid properties. This means that core samples are one of the most valuable sources of data for the study of subsurface rocks and reservoirs. Therefore, coring is a vitally important method of obtaining data for geologists, drilling engineers, petrophysicists, and reservoir engineers.