- •1. Phonetics as a science. Its branches and methods.
- •2. Phonetics as a science. Its Aspects.
- •3. Phonetics as a science. Its components
- •4. Connection of Phonetics with other branches of Linguistics (Grammar, Lex-gy, Sty-cs).
- •5. Classification of the organs of speech according to their sound-producing functions
- •6. Vowel classification.
- •9. Differences in the articulation basis of English and Russian vowels. Typical mistakes
- •7. Modification of vowels in connected speech
- •8. Principles of Consonant classification.
- •10. Differences in the Articulation Bases of the English and Russian Consonants. Typical mistakes of Russian learners.
- •11. Modiffication of consonants in connected speech
- •12. The Main Types of Accomodation
- •13. Assimilation according to its direction and degree
- •14. Modification of Consonants according to the Place of Articulation
- •15. Modification of consonants according to the manner of articulation
- •16. Differences in the process of Assimilation concerning the English and Russian languages.
- •17. The phomene: the problem of its definition
- •18. The Main Aspects of the Phoneme.
- •20, The Main Trends in the Phoneme Theory. Different points of View.
- •II. Functional view - special focus is given to the ability of the phoneme to differentiate the meaning.
- •21. Methods of phonological analysis
- •22. The phoneme and its Allophones. Their interrelation
- •23. Phonological and phonetic mistakes
- •Allophones. Their Classification.
- •25. The problem of neutralization of the phonemic opposition. Two main trends: Moscow and St.Petersburg
- •26. Typology of Accentual Structure of English words (worked out by Torsuev)
- •28. Functions of Word Stress: recessive retentive rhythmical semantic.
- •27. Word Stress. Its Nature, Position and Degree.
- •29. Intonation. The problem of its definition. Different approaches
- •30. Intonation. Its Notation, Different approaches.
- •31. The main structural components of the intonation pattern
- •32.Functions of Intonation.
- •34. Stylistic use of intonation.
- •33. The notion of the English rhythm
- •35. Pronunciation standards of English
3. Phonetics as a science. Its components
the Greek word “ta fonetika”, meaning the science of the voice. it is a branch of linguistics like the other branches such as lexicology and grammar. It studies the spoken aspect of languages and its subject is a scientific analysis of the entire system of oral means of expressing thoughts and emotions of the speaker. Analysis – breaking words into phonemes, studying their allophones and then grammatically significant stress and sound changes.
The 1st frequency component - the frequency of the vibration of the vocal cords, these vibration - musical tone.
The 2nd voice timber is special coloring of voice, 2 functions: 1) it determines the quality of individual voices 2) an important role in the expression of all sorts of the emotions in speech
The intensity of a sound as its loudness depends on the amplitude of the vibration of the vocal cords. associated with stress or accent. stressed sounds are stronger & louder than unstressed ones.
the matter of time(space). The sound matter of exist in time. Every speech sound always has some duration & in pauses within spoken sentences & always separate from another.
4. Connection of Phonetics with other branches of Linguistics (Grammar, Lex-gy, Sty-cs).
Phonetics is not a separate, independent science, Phonetics is one of the oldest branch of linguistics like the other branches such as lexicology & grammar.
These sciences study l-ge from 3 different points of view: lexicology deals with a vocabulary of a l-ge, with the origin & development of words, with their meaning & the word-building.
Grammar defines the modification of words & combination of words into sentences.
5. Classification of the organs of speech according to their sound-producing functions
In any language people speak using their organs of speech. the power mechanism - the diaphragm, the lungs, the bronchi, the windpipe, the glottis, the larynx, the pharynx, the mouth cavity and the nasal cavity. The vibrator mechanism - the vocal cords, which are in the larynx. The vocal cords - 2 horizontal folds, opened or closed. The pitch of the voice is controlled by the tension of the vocal cords. Voice is modified by the shape and volume of the air passage. ([з:], Russian [c]) The resonator mechanism - pharynx, the larynx, the mouth cavity and the nasal cavity. (nasal sounds: m, n, ŋ, м, м’, н, н’) The abstractor mechanism - the tongue (tip, front and back of the tongue), the lips, the teeth, the soft palate with the uvula, the hard palate and the alveolus. (occlusive and constrictive cons)
2 groups: - active organs of speech, movable and taking an active part in the sound formation: the vocal cords produce voice; the tongue; the lips make the shape of the mouth cavity; the soft palate with the uvula, the air either to the mouth or to the nasal cavity; the back wall of the pharynx contracted for some sounds; the lower jaw controls the gap between the teeth and also the disposition of the lips; the lungs providing air for sounds; - passive organs of speech: the teeth; the teeth ridge, the hard palate and the walls of the resonators.