- •1. Phonetics as a science. Its branches and methods.
- •2. Phonetics as a science. Its Aspects.
- •3. Phonetics as a science. Its components
- •4. Connection of Phonetics with other branches of Linguistics (Grammar, Lex-gy, Sty-cs).
- •5. Classification of the organs of speech according to their sound-producing functions
- •6. Vowel classification.
- •9. Differences in the articulation basis of English and Russian vowels. Typical mistakes
- •7. Modification of vowels in connected speech
- •8. Principles of Consonant classification.
- •10. Differences in the Articulation Bases of the English and Russian Consonants. Typical mistakes of Russian learners.
- •11. Modiffication of consonants in connected speech
- •12. The Main Types of Accomodation
- •13. Assimilation according to its direction and degree
- •14. Modification of Consonants according to the Place of Articulation
- •15. Modification of consonants according to the manner of articulation
- •16. Differences in the process of Assimilation concerning the English and Russian languages.
- •17. The phomene: the problem of its definition
- •18. The Main Aspects of the Phoneme.
- •20, The Main Trends in the Phoneme Theory. Different points of View.
- •II. Functional view - special focus is given to the ability of the phoneme to differentiate the meaning.
- •21. Methods of phonological analysis
- •22. The phoneme and its Allophones. Their interrelation
- •23. Phonological and phonetic mistakes
- •Allophones. Their Classification.
- •25. The problem of neutralization of the phonemic opposition. Two main trends: Moscow and St.Petersburg
- •26. Typology of Accentual Structure of English words (worked out by Torsuev)
- •28. Functions of Word Stress: recessive retentive rhythmical semantic.
- •27. Word Stress. Its Nature, Position and Degree.
- •29. Intonation. The problem of its definition. Different approaches
- •30. Intonation. Its Notation, Different approaches.
- •31. The main structural components of the intonation pattern
- •32.Functions of Intonation.
- •34. Stylistic use of intonation.
- •33. The notion of the English rhythm
- •35. Pronunciation standards of English
8. Principles of Consonant classification.
the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation: voiced (when the vocal cords are draw together & vibrate-b, d, g, z, v, 3, m, θ, n, 1, r, j, w, d3) and voiceless(when the vocal cords are taken a part & don’t vibrate- p, t, k, s, f, ð, h, t, 3). The force of exhalation and the degree of muscular tension are greater -> voiceless consonants-“fortis”. Voiced-“lenis”
the position of the active organ: 1) labial, 2) lingual, 3) glottal.
1. Labial: a) bilabial and b) labio-dental. Bilabial with both lips: /p, b, m, w/. Labio-dental with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth: /f, v/.
2.Lingual: a) forelingual, b) mediolingual and c) backlingual.
Forelingual [s,z, ʃ. Ʒ] with the tip of the tongue. the position of the tip of the tongue: dosal, apical, cacuminal
Mediolingual- palatal with the front part of the tongue. [r,j] with the front part of the tongue raised high to the hard palate.
Backlingual [k, g]-velar, with the back part of the tongue raised towards the soft palate /k, g
3.The glottal consonant /h/ is articulated in the glottis.
to the manner of noise production from the closure: 1) complete closure -> occlusive consonants (1. noise /p, b, t, d, k, g/ and 2. sonorants /m, n, ŋ / ); 2) incomplete closure -> constrictive consonants 1. noise /f, v , h, s, z , Ʒ/ and 2. sonorants / w, j, l, r/; 3) the combination of the two closures, then occlusive-constrictive, or affricates, are produced / ʧ, ʤ /.
the position of the soft palate: oral and nasal. soft palate is raised, the air to the pharynx to the mouth cavity, oral : /p, t, k, f, v/ etc. soft palate is lowered, the air to the nasal cavity, nasal: /m, n, ŋ/.
10. Differences in the Articulation Bases of the English and Russian Consonants. Typical mistakes of Russian learners.
Eng - the tip of the tongue is near of the teeth ridge, Rus - to the upper front teeth.
Eng forelingual (s, z, ʃ, Ʒ) the tip occupy apical, cacuminal & retroflexed position. the tip is against the teeth ridge the forelingual apical sounds: [t-d, n, s-z, ʃ-th, t ʃ- ʤ] the tip is curled behind the backslope of the teeth ridge the forelingual cacuminal [r]. The tip is curled still further the American retroflexed [r].
The tip in the articulation of the Rus forelingual cons occupies dental position: [т-д,з-с,ц,н].
In the articulation of the Eng [θ] &[ ð] the tip between the upper & the lower teeth.
The tip Rus alveolar rolled cons [p] vibrates in the flow of air out of the month cavity & interrupts repeatedly -> obstruction against the teeth ridge.
[h] - the air passes through the larynxes & glottis, the back wall of the pharynx contracts simultaneously with the slight movement of the root of the tongue to the pharynx.
Rus [x] the back part of the tongue is raised to the soft part palate, Rus learners use [x]=[h].
Eng [ŋ] the soft palate makes a complete obstruction with the back part of the tongue & the flow of air to the nasal The Russian forelingual [н] for Eng back lingual [ŋ]