- •1. Phonetics as a science. Its branches and methods.
- •2. Phonetics as a science. Its Aspects.
- •3. Phonetics as a science. Its components
- •4. Connection of Phonetics with other branches of Linguistics (Grammar, Lex-gy, Sty-cs).
- •5. Classification of the organs of speech according to their sound-producing functions
- •6. Vowel classification.
- •9. Differences in the articulation basis of English and Russian vowels. Typical mistakes
- •7. Modification of vowels in connected speech
- •8. Principles of Consonant classification.
- •10. Differences in the Articulation Bases of the English and Russian Consonants. Typical mistakes of Russian learners.
- •11. Modiffication of consonants in connected speech
- •12. The Main Types of Accomodation
- •13. Assimilation according to its direction and degree
- •14. Modification of Consonants according to the Place of Articulation
- •15. Modification of consonants according to the manner of articulation
- •16. Differences in the process of Assimilation concerning the English and Russian languages.
- •17. The phomene: the problem of its definition
- •18. The Main Aspects of the Phoneme.
- •20, The Main Trends in the Phoneme Theory. Different points of View.
- •II. Functional view - special focus is given to the ability of the phoneme to differentiate the meaning.
- •21. Methods of phonological analysis
- •22. The phoneme and its Allophones. Their interrelation
- •23. Phonological and phonetic mistakes
- •Allophones. Their Classification.
- •25. The problem of neutralization of the phonemic opposition. Two main trends: Moscow and St.Petersburg
- •26. Typology of Accentual Structure of English words (worked out by Torsuev)
- •28. Functions of Word Stress: recessive retentive rhythmical semantic.
- •27. Word Stress. Its Nature, Position and Degree.
- •29. Intonation. The problem of its definition. Different approaches
- •30. Intonation. Its Notation, Different approaches.
- •31. The main structural components of the intonation pattern
- •32.Functions of Intonation.
- •34. Stylistic use of intonation.
- •33. The notion of the English rhythm
- •35. Pronunciation standards of English
6. Vowel classification.
position of the tongue, position of the lips, degree of tenseness and the character of the end of the vowel, length, stability of articulation.
position of the lips vowels into rounded and unrounded. Russian rounded vowels with more lip protrusion. The English rounded vowels are short u, o and long u:, o:.
Russian scientists divide vowels according to the horizontal and vertical movements of the tongue.
Horizontal movements. Vowels produced with the back part of the tongue which is raised highest towards the soft palate – back (back and back-advanced) Vowels produced with the front part of the tongue which is raised highest towards the hard palate – front (fully front and front retracted) Васильев considers long i: and short i different phonemes not only in quantity but mainly in quality. Daniel Johns considers these sounds to be variants of one and the same phoneme. Тарсуев defines long a: as fully back. Трактеров, Васильев and Daniel Johns as back-advanced.
the vertical movements: high [iː], [uː], [ɪ], [u]; middle [e], [ɜː], [ʌ], [ə]; open [ɔː], [æ], [ɑː], [ɔ]. subdivided into narrow and broad variations.
the degree of tenseness all long vowels – tense, short - lax. The term tense was introduced by Henry Sweet. When all the muscles are tense, the vowels - tense. When all these organs are relaxed lax vowels are produced. Daniel Johns: long u:, i: to be tense. Тарсуев: all long English vowels and the sound [æ] as tense, all short vowels - lax.
the character of the end into “checked” and “free”. is not singled out by British and American phoneticians. When the intensity of the vowel doesn’t diminish towards its end the vowel is called checked (cat) When the intensity of the vowel increases the vowel is called free (bee)
the length - long and short. E.g. be [biː] – the longest in the terminal position; beed [biːd] – a bit shorter before the voiced cons.; beat [biːt] – much shorter before the voiceless cons. A vowel is longer in an accented syllable: a forecast [‘f ɔːk ɑːst], to forecast [f ɔː’k ɑːst]. in one syllable word is longer than in polysyllabic: [ɜː] in a verse is longer than in a university. the character of the syllabic structure – v,cv,ccv – vc,cvc,ccvc ([u:] in dew longer than duty). sonority. low sonority are longer than vowels of greater sonority. Daniel Johns treats long i: and short i as positional allophones of one phoneme.
the stability of articulation vowels are subdivided into monophthongs, diphthongs, diphthongoids. English monophthongs with the more or less stable lips, tongue and mouth walls position. A diphthongoid (long i: and u:) change its articulation in the process of its pronunciation. Diphthongs are defined differently: the ability of a vowel to form a syllable. Daniel Johns - diphthong as a unisyllabic gliding sound - the organs of speech start from one position and then glide to the other pisotion. Zinder - phonemically cannot be divided morphologically. чай, пей, стой can be separated (чаю, пою, стою). 1st element - nuclears and the 2nd - the glide. English diphthongs - falling, closing and centering according to the articulatory character of the 2nd element.