- •1. Phonetics as a science. Its branches and methods.
- •2. Phonetics as a science. Its Aspects.
- •3. Phonetics as a science. Its components
- •4. Connection of Phonetics with other branches of Linguistics (Grammar, Lex-gy, Sty-cs).
- •5. Classification of the organs of speech according to their sound-producing functions
- •6. Vowel classification.
- •9. Differences in the articulation basis of English and Russian vowels. Typical mistakes
- •7. Modification of vowels in connected speech
- •8. Principles of Consonant classification.
- •10. Differences in the Articulation Bases of the English and Russian Consonants. Typical mistakes of Russian learners.
- •11. Modiffication of consonants in connected speech
- •12. The Main Types of Accomodation
- •13. Assimilation according to its direction and degree
- •14. Modification of Consonants according to the Place of Articulation
- •15. Modification of consonants according to the manner of articulation
- •16. Differences in the process of Assimilation concerning the English and Russian languages.
- •17. The phomene: the problem of its definition
- •18. The Main Aspects of the Phoneme.
- •20, The Main Trends in the Phoneme Theory. Different points of View.
- •II. Functional view - special focus is given to the ability of the phoneme to differentiate the meaning.
- •21. Methods of phonological analysis
- •22. The phoneme and its Allophones. Their interrelation
- •23. Phonological and phonetic mistakes
- •Allophones. Their Classification.
- •25. The problem of neutralization of the phonemic opposition. Two main trends: Moscow and St.Petersburg
- •26. Typology of Accentual Structure of English words (worked out by Torsuev)
- •28. Functions of Word Stress: recessive retentive rhythmical semantic.
- •27. Word Stress. Its Nature, Position and Degree.
- •29. Intonation. The problem of its definition. Different approaches
- •30. Intonation. Its Notation, Different approaches.
- •31. The main structural components of the intonation pattern
- •32.Functions of Intonation.
- •34. Stylistic use of intonation.
- •33. The notion of the English rhythm
- •35. Pronunciation standards of English
15. Modification of consonants according to the manner of articulation
different points of view. V.A. Vasilyev, G.P. Torsuyev, A.L. Trakhterov - the type of obstruction and the manner of production of noise. 2 large classes of consonants: a) occlusive - a complete obstruction is formed [p,b,m,n,t,n]; b)constructive - an incomplete obstruction is formed [s,z,ʃ,Ʒ]. noise consonants and sonorants. the factor of prevailing either noise or tone component of a sound. noise consonants: into plosive consonants (or stops) and affricates [ʧ,ʤ].
Occlusive – noise, plosives, affricates, sonorants; Constrictive – noise, sonorants, lateral, medial.
Another p/v of Moscow phoneticians Sokolova M.A. the 1st principle - the degree of noise. Such consideration leads to dividing English consonants into 2 general kinds: A - noise sonorants; В - sonorants
classifications are valid, consistent and complete
16. Differences in the process of Assimilation concerning the English and Russian languages.
Assimilation in Russian regressive, affects work of the vocal cords. within a word and at the junction of words. two adjacent consonants are either both voiced or voiceless, depending on the 2nd consonant is voiced or voiceless. ([стал] стал - [здал] сдал / [фтри] в три- [в два] в два)
Eng regressive assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords only in a few compounds, e.g. newspaper ['nju:s peɪpə]
Sokolova M.A. termed fortis (voiceless) - lenis (voiced) type of assimilation.
the interference of the Russian voiced/voiceless regressive type of assimilation -> mistakes: "blackboard", "setback', "this day", "much better"[blækbɔ:d], [setbæk], [mʌʧ betə].
In Eng changing voiced lenis consonants into voiceless fortis. e.g. She has fine eyes. [hæS faɪn] Does Kate speak English? [dʌS keɪt]
change of voiceless fortis consonants into voiced lenis not typical of Eng.
17. The phomene: the problem of its definition
different opinions on the nature of the phoneme and its definition among Russian and foreign linguists. Several conceptions of the phoneme none of their definitions of the phoneme are quite satisfactory from all points of view. has several aspects and functions, impossible to devise a formula or a formal definition in a single sentence that would reflect all these functions and aspects.
Vasilyev's working definition, according to which "the phoneme is the smallest language unit (sound type) that exists in the speech of all the members of a given language community as such speech sounds which are capable of distinguishing one word from another in the same language or grammatical forms of the same word".
As it comes from the definition "the phoneme is a dialectical unity of three aspects: -material, real, objective; -abstractional and generalized; -functional.
18. The Main Aspects of the Phoneme.
As it comes from the definition "the phoneme is a dialectical unity of three aspects: 1.material; 2. abstractional; 3.functional.
The material aspect It the phoneme -realized in speech in the form of speech sounds”. In other words - in a set of predictable speech sounds which are called allophones. Allophones of the phoneme [t]: - in the combination “not there” – dental; - in the word “try” – post-alveolar; - in the word “stay” – not aspirated etc. All these sounds are allophones of the same phoneme. They possess similar articulatory features, but at the same time they may show considerable phonetic differences.
The abstract aspect The phoneme is the language unit”. The phoneme belongs to the language while the allophone belongs to the speech. Language is an abstract category, it is an abstraction from speech. Thus the phoneme as a language unit is materialized in the form of speech sounds.
19. The functional aspect This is the main aspect of the phoneme. Phonemes are capable of differentiating the meaning of words (“spot” – “sport”), of sentences (“He was heard badly” – “He was hurt badly”