11. Modiffication of consonants in connected speech

differences between word in isolation and in connected speech. influence each other. intercourse between consonants and vowels: assimilation, accommodation, vowel reduction and elision and linking.

The term accommodation (adaptation) - interchanges of "vowel + consonant", or "consonant + vowel". sound does not change its main phonetic features and is pronounced as a variant of the same phoneme slightly modified.

Elision or complete loss - vowels and consonants. minimal in slow speech and maximal in colloquial speech. The sound [ə] can represent the reduced forms of "are, or, her", article "a", the comparative degree of adjectives, the suffix of noun [spi:kə] etc.

Linking inserting sounds:

Linking final consonant sounds to initial vowel sounds: e.g. put it off [pu – ti – toff]

Linking "r": after all

Linking final vowel sounds to initial vowel sounds: putting [w] or [j]: e.g. do it [w], he ate [j].

12. The Main Types of Accomodation

The term accommodation (adaptation) - interchanges of "vowel + consonant", or "consonant + vowel". sound does not change its main phonetic features and is pronounced as a variant of the same phoneme slightly modified.

4 main types: 1. An unrounded variant of a consonant phoneme by its rounded variant of a following rounded vowel phoneme: [ti:]-tea - [tu:] too / [les] - less - [lu:s] loose 2. A fully back variant of a back vowel phoneme by its slightly advanced (fronted) variant of the preceding phoneme /j/. Cf. [bu:ti] - booty - [bju:ti] beauty [mu:n] - moon - [mju:zik] music 3. A vowel phoneme by its slightly more open variant before the dark [1] under the influence of the latter's back secondary focus. vowel in "bell", "tell" is slightly more open than in "bed", "ten" 4. Vowels by nasal sonorants have a slight degree of nasalization. E.g. : never, men.

Rus the labialization of consonants preceding the vowels [o] and [у]: больно, конь, думать.

13. Assimilation according to its direction and degree

The adaptive modification of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant - assimilation, e.g the alveolar [t] followed by the interdental [θ] becomes dental: eighth, at three.

the degree of assimilation is conserned:

1. Complete assimilation - assimilated consonant fully coincides with that of the asimilating one: horse-shoe ['hɔːʃʃuː].

2. Partial assimilation - the assimilated consonant retains its main phonemic features, only partly similar: twice [twais], try [trai].

3. Intermediate assimilation - assimilated consonant changes into a different sound, but does not coincide with the assimilating one: gooseberry ['guzbəri] ([s] –> [z])

three types as far as its direction is concerned:

1. progressive (A -> B) place ([l] is replaced by a partly devoiced variant)

2. regressive (A <- B) newspaper ('s' becomes voiceless)

3. double (A <-> B)twenty ([w] is slightly devoiced, [t] becomes labialized)

14. Modification of Consonants according to the Place of Articulation

The place of articulation: 1. labial; 2. lingual; 3. glottal.

1. Labial: a) bilabial and b) labio-dental. Bilabial with both lips: /p, b, m, w/. Labio-dental with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth: /f, v/.

2.Lingual: a) forelingual, b) mediolingual and c) backlingual.

Forelingual [s,z, ʃ. Ʒ] with the tip of the tongue. the position of the tip of the tongue: dosal, apical, cacuminal

Mediolingual- palatal with the front part of the tongue. [r,j] with the front part of the tongue raised high to the hard palate.

Backlingual [k, g]-velar, with the back part of the tongue raised towards the soft palate /k, g /.

3.The glottal consonant /h/ is articulated in the glottis.

assimilated sounds which involve a complete closure: plosives and nasals. The sounds changing their place of articulation are alveolar stops (взрывные). followed by the interdental [ð, ө] -> dental variants. e.g "ninth" [nainө], "at the" [әt ðә]

alveolar sounds -> post-alveolar of the post-alveolar [r](partial regressive assimilation).

The sequence [t+j, d+j] become affricates e.g. "did you?" [didƷu:]