4.1 Read the article again and answer the questions.

1. The article contains a lot of dates and figures. What do these dates refer to?

1897, 1959, 1972, 1989

2. What do these figures refer to?

3:1, 41%-32%, 60, 28%-33%, 80%, $2.5 billion, $112 million, 720, $750 million, 13:1.

3. Is Pepsi or Coca-Cola more dominant in your home market? Can you think of reasons why?

4. What tactics do they use to increase sales?

5. What other very competitive markets are there in Russia? (e.g. fast food, chocolates and sweets, footwear) Who are the main competitors?

5(11). Listening. Listen to Keith Jackson talking about competition in a global market. Note the definitions of three strategies for becoming a market leader.

Mind the new words.

to reduce	сокращать
cheaply	дешево
differentiation	дифференциация, различие
to appear	появляться
innovation	новшество
supermarket chain	сеть супермаркетов
own	собственный
to penetrate the market	проникать на рынок
wacky	сумасшедший
advertising campaign	рекламная компания
to face problems	сталкиваться с проблемами
to wish	желать
retail business	бизнес розничной торговли
to mention	упоминать
standardized quality	стандартизированное качество
to guarantee the quality	гарантировать качество
global scale	глобальный масштаб
to adapt to local cultures	подстраиваться под местную культуру
expectations	ожидания
beef	говядина
to offend	обижать
message	сообщение, послание

1. Cost focus____________________________________________.

2. Differentiation ________________________________________.

3. Innovation __________________________________________.

5.1(12). Listening. Keith talks about the strategies of different companies selling soft drinks. Listen and complete the table.

company	strategy	how they employed the strategy
Safeway Tesco Sainsbury	cost focus
Tango	differentiation
Virgin Cola	innovation

5.2 (13). Listening. Keith talks about problems for companies who compete in the global market place. Make notes about McDonald’s under the following headings.

1. Quality ______________________________________________.

2. Local culture and customer expectations____________________.

3. Marketing ___________________________________________.

4. The product __________________________________________.

6. Speaking. Get ready with the monologue about two competitors in any sphere of business you like.

7. Reading. Read the text and explain the words in bold.

Credit

Credit is the provision of resources (such as granting a loan) by one party to another party where that second party does not reimburse the first party immediately, thereby generating a debt. Those resources (or material(s) of equal value) are repaid at a later date. It is a form of deferred payment. The first party is called a creditor, also known as a lender, while the second party is called a debtor, also known as a borrower.

Credit need not necessarily be based on formal monetary systems. The credit concept can be applied in barter economies based on the direct exchange of goods and services,

The word credit is used in commercial trade in the term "trade credit" to refer to the approval for delayed payments for purchased goods. Credit is sometimes not granted to a person who has financial instability or difficulty. Companies frequently offer credit to their customers as part of the terms of a purchase agreement. Organizations that offer credit to their customers frequently employ a credit manager.

Common forms of consumer credit include credit cards, store cards, motor (auto) finance, personal loans (installment loans), retail loans (retail installment loans) and mortgages.

The cost of credit is the additional amount, over and above the amount borrowed, that the borrower has to pay. It includes interest, arrangement fees and any other charges. Some costs are mandatory, required by the lender as an integral part of the credit agreement. Other costs, such as those for credit insurance, may be optional. The borrower chooses whether or not they are included as part of the agreement.

Credit history or credit report is, in many countries, a record of an individual's or company's past borrowing and repaying, including information about late payments and bankruptcy. The term "credit reputation" can either be used synonymous to credit history or to credit score.