II. Read the text and be ready to discuss the following items.

1. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine.

2. Difficulties in establishing diagnosis of ulcerative colitis.

3. Possible complications and prospect for their treatment.

ЙІ. Make complex sentences using impersonal constructions.

It is important; it is observed; it is necessary; it is known; it is rec­ommended; it is common; it is stated.

Model: Abdominal inflammation is accompanied by rising temperature and pulse.

It is common that abdominal inflammation is accompanied by rising temperature and pulse.

1. The colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis has a premalignant poten­tial.

2. Patients with long-standing disease are at special risk of carcino­ma of the colon.

3. The majority of polyps in ulcerative colitis are pseudopolyps.

4. The most life-threatening complication of ulcerative colitis is per­foration of the colon.

5. Pain is the outstanding symptom of peptic ulcer.

6. Gastric ulcers tend to be larger than duodenal ulcers.

7. Gastric ulcers are not infrequently located high in the stomach.

IV. Choose the proper continuation.

1. usual stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract.

2. intense emotions.

3. Strong sensations, including many odors and tastes.

4. excessive vestibular stimuli which produce sta­tes such as vertigo.

5. pregnancy.

V. Choose the correct definitions to the following terms.

Vomiting may be caused by

1. Constipation I 1. increase in stool volume, frequency, or both.

2. progressive contractive wave proceeded by a wave of relaxation.

3. inadequate nutrient absorption, despite adequate digestion.

4. failure of the intestine to break down food.

5. a condition in which bowel evacuations occur infrequently and passage of faeces causes difficulty or pain.

   6. What is it?

It is a small blind-ended sac extending from the caecum just below the ileo-caecal junction. Although not known to have any digestive or absorp­tive function in man, its general structure conforms to that of the rest of the large intestine.

6. What may have such features?

   1. The great length (4-6 m long in man).

   2. The arrangement of the mucosa into extremely numerous finger­like projections, called villi.

   3. The presence of circularly arranged fold of the mucosa and sub- mucosa.

7. Do you know that:

Total output of intestinal juice is 1,5-2 L/day. Between 250 and 1100 ml of bile are secreted daily by the liver.

Gallstones form in an estimated 10-30 percent of the population, although perhaps 20 percent of these produce no symptoms.

DIALOGUE

Doctor: What's your trouble?

Patient: I have a severe pain in my stomach, nausea and vomiting. Doctor: When does your pain appear? Patient: From yesterday's evening. Doctor: Is it connected with food intake?

Patient: I think so. Oh, yes, I remember. It's salade, I see, it was not fresh.

Doctor: Now it's clear. You have food poisoning. Here are some

' 2. Diarrhea

3. Maldigestion

4. Malabsorption

5. Peristalsis

drugs for you and come in some days again. Patient: Thank you, doctor. Good bye.

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