16. Сделайте письменный перевод текста на английский язык (первые два абзаца).

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17. Перескажите вторую часть текста на английском языке.

Lesson 5

Civil and Public Law

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One important distinction made in many countries is between private (or civil) and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another. The main categories of English civil law are:

Law of Contracts: binding agreements between people (or companies);

Law of Torts: wrongs committed by one individual against another individual’s person, property or reputation;

Law of Trusts: arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person’s benefit rather than his own Land Law;

Probate Law: arrangements for dealing with property after the owner’s death;

Family Law;

The main categories of public law are:

Criminal Law: wrongs which, even when committed against an individual, are considered to harm the well-being of society in general;

Constitutional Law: regulation of how the law operates and of the relation between private citizen and government;

International Law: regulation of relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems, including the English, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution against another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always .started by the state. Civil actions, on the other hancj, are usually started by the individuals.

In Anglo-American law, the party bringing a criminal action (that is, in most cases, the state) is called the prosecution, but the party bringing a civil action is the plaintiff. In both kinds of action the other party is known as the defendant. A criminal case against a person called Ms. Sanchez would be described as “The People vs. (=versus, or against) Sanchez” in the Untied States and “R. (Regina, that is, the Queen) vs. Sanchez” in England. But a civil action between Ms.Sanchez and a Mr.Smith would be “Sanchez vs. Smith” if it was started by Sanchez, and “Smith vs.Sanchez” if it was started by'Mr.Smith. _;

Active Words and Expressions

private law=civil law — частное право, закон; закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц law of contracts=contract law — договорное право law of torts — деликтное право

tort=civil offence — деликт; гражданское правонарушение wrong — правонарушение, деликт, вред

law of trusts — правовые нормы о доверительной собственности; доверительное право

arrangement — соглашение; договоренность

land law — земельное право

property — собственность; право собственности

to administer — управлять, вести дело

owner - собственник; владелец

pr6bate law — право/закон о наследовании (доказывание завещания)

family law — семейное право

criminal law — уголовное право

well-being — здоровье; благополучие; процветание

constitutional law — конституционное, гражданское право

private citizen=individual — частное лицо

international law — международное право

criminal procedure — уголовный процесс; уголовное

судопроизводство

civil procedure — гражданский процесс; гражданское судопроизводство

to bring a criminal prosecution against — возбудить уголовное дело против ...

to start a criminal action —- начинать/возбуждать уголовный процесс

to bring a criminal action — возбуждать уголовный процесс civil action — гражданский иск/дело

prosecution - судебное/уголовное преследование; обвинение; обвинение (как сторона в уголовном процессе)

Prosecution — the party that starts or carries out criminal proceedings in court. It is often a lawyer employed by the state, or the police themselves

plaintiff — истец

The party that starts or carries out civil proceedings. It is usually a private citizen or a company

defendant — ответчик; обвиняемый; подсудимый

Defendant — the party that is accused in court of a crime or a civil

offence