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Word study

1. Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents for:

to reject, to refer to, to clarify, issue, staple, to spawn, to contribute, to reject.

2. Find in the text English equivalents for words and word combinations. Read and translate the sentences with them. Use the phrases in the sentences of your own:

викликати зміни, течія (напрям), прийняти погляд, буди тісно пов’язаним з…, брати початок з …, значною мірою покладатися на… .

3. Arrange the following in pares of synonyms:

to cause

to refer

to adopt

issue

staple

emphasis

to rely on

notable

to depend on

to give rise to

main element

to mention

famous

to follow

importance

topic

4. Give derivatives of the following words:

to divide, analytic, to discover, history, to subject.

5. Read and translate the sentences given below. Pay attention to the meaning of words in bold type:

  1. Olive trees have deep roots.

  2. I'm sure you'll win. Everyone's rooting for you.

  3. Compromise is essential if peace is to take root in this troubled area.

  4. He decided to adopt a more radical approach to the problem.

  5. He was 18 when he found out he had been adopted.

  6. She has adopted Japan as her home.

  7. Many local businesses offered to contribute to the school rebuilding fund.

  8. He felt he had nothing to contribute to the discussion.

  9. Speed is a contributing factor in many road accidents.

  10. His departure was cause for celebration in the village.

  11. He wouldn't have done it without good cause.

  12. He has championed the cause of renewable energy since the mid-1970s.

  13. Several different religious groups have made common cause in the campaign.

  14. Greenhouse gases are widely believed to be causing the Earth's atmosphere to heat up.

6. Complete the sentences with correct words. Put down some questions to the text:

The 20th century brought ________ (with/in) it upheavals that produced a series of conflicting developments within philosophy over the basis of knowledge and the validity of various absolutes. It gave rise ___________ (for/to) a number of important philosophical movements from analytic philosophy to postmodernism, from existentialism to critical theory.

With classical certainties thought to be overthrown, and new social, economic, scientific, ethical, and logical problems, 20th-century philosophy was set ___________ (in/for) a series of attempts variously to reform, preserve, alter, abolish, previously conceived limits. It is characterized _______ (at/by) being postmodern in nature (no absolute truths), idealist (we can't say anything physically exists, all is a representation of the mind) and concerned with logical and linguistic analysis

Just as profoundly, historical events such _________ (like/as) the World Wars, the Russian Revolution, the near collapse of European parliamentary democracy in the 1930s and 1940s, the Holocaust, the use of atomic weapons on Imperial Japan, continued colonial violence, the foundation of the United Nations, the elaboration of new doctrines of human rights, the Vietnam War, the failure of revolutionary sentiment _______ (in/on) 1968, the collapse of the Soviet Union and its client states, continuing inequities in global development and civil society, the resurgence of "fundamental" religious identity in Christian, Jewish, Islamic, and Hindu contexts, and seemingly irrepressible if intermittent genocidal activity called ________ (up/into) question many philosophical doctrines on human rationality and created ever sharper demands ________(on/with) moral, political philosophy, and philosophy of religion.

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