- •Abstract
- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of contents
- •List of figures
- •List of tables
- •List of boxes
- •Executive summary
- •Absent a change in course, ammonia production would continue to take an environmental toll
- •Towards more sustainable ammonia production
- •Near-zero-emission ammonia production requires new infrastructure, innovation and investment
- •Enabling more sustainable ammonia production
- •Chapter 1. Ammonia production today
- •Ammonia and society
- •Nitrogen fertilisers: An indispensable input to our modern agricultural systems
- •Demand, supply and trade
- •Ammonia production fundamentals
- •Current and emerging production pathways
- •A brief history of ammonia production
- •Natural gas reforming
- •Coal gasification
- •Near-zero-emission production routes currently being pursued
- •Economic considerations
- •Ammonia and the environment
- •Non-CO2 environmental impacts
- •Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from fertiliser production and use
- •Impacts on water, soil, air and ecosystems
- •What will happen tomorrow to today’s CO2 emissions from ammonia production?
- •Chapter 2. The future of ammonia production
- •Three contrasting futures for the ammonia industry
- •The outlook for demand and production
- •The outlook for nitrogen demand, nutrient use efficiency and material efficiency
- •Nitrogen demand drivers
- •Measures to improve nitrogen use efficiency
- •The outlook for production
- •Technology pathways towards net zero emissions
- •Energy consumption and CO2 emissions
- •A portfolio of mitigation options
- •Innovative technology pathways
- •Overview of global and regional technology trends
- •China
- •India
- •North America
- •Europe
- •Other key regions
- •Considerations for the main innovative technologies
- •Dedicated VRE electrolysis
- •CCUS-equipped pathways
- •Readiness, competitiveness and investment
- •An array of technology options at differing levels of maturity
- •Exploring key uncertainties
- •Future production costs
- •Uncertainty in technology innovation
- •Investment
- •Chapter 3. Enabling more sustainable ammonia production
- •The current policy, innovation and financing landscape
- •Ongoing efforts by governments
- •Carbon pricing and energy efficiency measures
- •Support for near-zero-emission technology RD&D and early commercial deployment
- •Policies for improving efficiency of use
- •International collaboration
- •Encouraging progress in the private sector
- •Initiatives involving financial institutions and investors
- •Recommendations for accelerating progress
- •Framework fundamentals
- •Establishing plans and policy for long-term CO2 emission reductions
- •Mobilising finance and investment
- •Targeted actions for specific technologies and strategies
- •Managing existing assets and near-term investment
- •Creating a market for near-zero-emission nitrogen products
- •Developing earlier-stage near-zero-emission technologies
- •Improving use efficiency for ammonia-base products
- •Necessary enabling conditions
- •Enhancing international co-operation and creating a level playing field
- •Planning and developing infrastructure
- •Tracking progress and improving data
- •Key milestones and decision points
- •Annexes
- •Abbreviations
- •Units of measure
Ammonia Technology Roadmap |
Chapter 3. Enabling more sustainable ammonia production |
Towards more sustainable nitrogen fertiliser production |
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Many countries also have their own funds and programmes targeted towards domestic and international low-carbon technology investment.
Recommendations for accelerating progress
While encouraging activity is underway, it is far from sufficient. Greater ambition is needed on multiple fronts from a diversity of stakeholders around the world to put ammonia producers on a pathway to achieving deep CO2 emission reductions. Many of the same components are needed universally for a sustainable transition, even though varied regional circumstances will affect the specifics of planning and policy design. Collaboration among stakeholders – including governments, producers, consumers, technology suppliers, financial institutions, researchers, non-governmental organisations and others – will be integral to accelerating progress (Figure 3.1).
Governments must lead by laying the fundamental groundwork, consisting of a clear, reliable long-term policy signal for emission reductions and financial mechanisms to help mobilise the necessary investment. Additional policies are needed to target specific technology categories, including existing high-emission plants, clean technologies that are market ready and clean technologies at earlier stages of development. In addition, policies should promote improved NUE. Supporting conditions must also be put in place, including establishing a level playing field for producers around the world, developing enabling infrastructure, and improving data collection and reporting.
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Ammonia Technology Roadmap |
Chapter 3. Enabling more sustainable ammonia production |
Towards more sustainable nitrogen fertiliser production |
|
A framework for accelerating the sustainable transition of the ammonia industry
IEA. 2021.
Stakeholders will need to collaborate on multiple fronts to drive the ammonia industry’s transition towards a more sustainable future, including long-term planning and policy signals, targeted technology strategies and enabling conditions.
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IEA. All rights reserved.