Условные предложения

I тип: реальное условие, относящееся к будущему времени
If +Present Simple/ Present Continuous/ Present Perfect/ Present Perfect Continuous	will / can / may / might / must / should / could + infinitive
e.g. If we work hard, we’ll finish the project on time. Если мы будем усиленно работать, то мы закончим этот проект вовремя. If I can finish the work early, I’ll come and help you. Если я смогу закончить работу пораньше, я приду и помогу тебе.
II тип: нереальное или маловероятное условие, могло бы происходить в настоящем либо будущем времени
If + Past Simple / Past Continuous	would/ could/ might + Present infinitive or continuous infinitive
e.g. If I had a day off, I would go with you to the theatre. Если бы у меня был выходной, я бы пошёл с тобой в театр. If you helped us, we could finish our work sooner. Если бы ты помог нам, мы смогли бы закончить работу быстрее.
III тип: абсолютно нереальное условие, могло бы произойти в прошлом, но не произошло
If + Past Perfect/ Past Perfect Continuous	would/ could/ might + perfect infinitive
e.g. If I had been more careful, I wouldn’t have made such mistake. Если бы я был более внимателен, я бы не совершил такой ошибки. If we had left home earlier, we could have caught the train. Если бы мы вышли из дома раньше, мы бы успели на поезд.

Ex. 26. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Conditional sentences: Type I).

1. I'll look for your notebook and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring. 2. If you (smoke) in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers (object). 3. I'll wash the glasses in this nice hot water. - No, don't. If you (put) them into very hot water they (crack). 4. If you (see) Tom tell him I have a message for him. 5. If he (win) he (get) £1,000; if he (come) in second he (get) £500. 6. If you (feel) too hot during the night turn down the central heating. 7. Tom: Jack is a translator; he translates 1,000 words a day and gets £100 a week, which he says isn't enough to live on. Bill: Well, if he (want) more money he (have) to do more work. Advise him to translate 2.000 words a day. 8. If you (finish) with your dictionary I'd like to borrow it. 9. The lift wasn't working when I was here last. If it still (not work), we (have) to use the stairs. 10. I shan't wake if the alarm clock (not go) off. 11. I shan't wake unless I (hear) the alarm. 12. If you'd like some ice, I (get) some from the fridge. 13. He's only sixteen but he wants to leave school at the end of the term. ~ If he (leave) now, he (be) sorry afterwards. 14. I expect it will freeze tonight. ~ If it (freeze) tonight the-roads (be) very slippery tomorrow. 15. That book is overdue. If you (not take) it back to the library tomorrow, you (have) to pay a fine. 16. You'd better take the day off if you (not feel) well tomorrow. 17. If a driver (brake) suddenly on a wet road, he (skid). 18. If you (like) I (get) you a job in this company. 19. If you (like) a job in this company I'll get you one.

Ex.27. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form ( Conditional sentences: Type II).

1. Of course I'm not going to give her a diamond ring. If I (give) her a diamond ring she (sell) it. 2. Tom: I woke up to find the room full of smoke; but I knew exactly what to do. Ann: If I (wake) up to find the room full of smoke I (have) no idea what to do. 3. Ann: I couldn't live without Tom. If he (go) off with another girl I (pine) away and die. But I have complete confidence in Tom. 4. Husband: But I'm not going on a diet. Why should I go on a diet? - Wife: If you (go) on a diet you (lose) weight. 5. If someone (say), "I'll give you £500 to go into court and swear that this statement is true," what you (do)? 6. If we (work) all night we (finish) in time; but we have no intention of working all night. 7. You must never blow out a gas light. Do you know what (happen) if you (blew) out a gas light? 8. If I (see) a tiger across Hyde Park I (climb) a tree. That (not be) any use. The tiger (climb) after you. 9. If I (come) across two men fighting with knives I (call) the police. But this is a very peaceful area. 10. Ann: All your clothes are years out of date. Why don't you, throw them away? Mary: Don't be ridiculous! If I (throw) my clothes away I (have) to ask my husband for £1,000 to buy new ones. - Ann: If you (ask) him for £1,000 what he (say)? -Mary: He (be) too horrified to speak at first. But when he'd recovered from the shock, he probably (start) talking about a divorce. 11. If someone (ring) my door at 3 a.m. I (be) very unwilling to open the door. 12. If I (see) a python in Piccadilly I (assume) it had escaped from a circus. 13. Tom: The plane was on fire so we bailed out. Ann: I don't think I (have) the nerve to do that even if the plane (be) on fire. 14. We train the children to file out of the classroom quietly, because if a whole class (rush) at the door someone (get) hurt. 15. Why don't you buy a season ticket? Because I lose everything. If I (buy) a season ticket I (lose) it.

Ex. 28. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Conditional sentences: Type III).

1. She would have come to dinner if we (invite) her. 2. If you had locked the door, the burglars (not/get in). 3. Had I heard any news, I (tell) you immediately. 4. She would have stayed at home if she (know) there would be so much traffic. 5. If you (put) the keys in your pocket, you wouldn't have lost them. 6. Emily (call) me if she had changed her mind. 7. If I had closed the window, the cat (jump) out. 8. Had I known him, I (talk) to him. If you (save) some money, you would have been able to go on a holiday last year. 9. They would have helped us move house if we (ask) them. 10. We would have changed our plans if we (hear) the weather forecast. 11. Еmma (send) a card if she had remembered it was their anniversary. 12. Why didn't you phone? If I (know), you were coming I (meet) you at the airport. 13. It's a pity you missed the party. If you (come), you (meet) my friends from Hungary. 14. It was a beautiful house and I (buy) it if I (have) the money, but I couldn't afford it. 15. Thanks, if you (help) me, I (not/pass) the exam. 16. If we (have) some tools with us yesterday, we (be able to) repair the car.

Ex.29. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.

1. If you (not to buy) coffee, we shall drink tea. 2. If he is free tomorrow, he certainly (to come) to our party. 3. My brother would not have missed so many lessons if he (not to hurt) his leg. 4. If my friend (to work) in my office, we should meet every day. 5. If you spoke English every day, you (to improve) your language skills. 6. If you get a "five", your mother (to be) happy. 7. If she (to return) ear­lier, she would have been able to see him before he left. 8. If these shoes were not too big for me, I (to buy) them. 9. If you (to ring) me up, I shall tell you a secret. 10. If you (to be) a poet, you would write beautiful poetry. 11. If he did not read so much, he (not to know) English literature so well. 12. If he (to come) to our house yesterday, he would have met his friend. 13. If he (not to pass) his examination, he will not get a scholarship. 14. If she (not to help) me, I should have been in a very difficult situation. 15. My father would have more free time if he (not to read) so many newspapers. 16. If only you had let me know, I (to go) there immediately. 17. If I were a famous singer, I (to get) a lot of flowers eve­ry day.

Ex. 30. Write a sentence with If … for each situation.

1. The travellers had no camera with them, so they could not take photos of the beautiful scenery. If ... 2. There was no sugar left, so we had to go to the shop late in the evening. If ... 3. This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very good for living because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If ... . 4. He is an excellent specialist, but I cannot ask his advice because I am not acquainted with him. If ... . 5. You cannot enjoy this merry evening party because you have a toothache. If ... . 6. You know the material well enough, but you are very absent-minded, and that's why you always make many mistakes. If ... 7. You did not ring me up, so I did not know you were in trouble. If ... . 8. You left the child alone in the room, so he hurt himself. If :.. . 9. They spent a year in the tropics, so they got very sun-tanned. If ... . 10. It rained heavily, so we got drenched to the skin. If ... . 11. Why didn't you watch the cat? It ate all the fish. If ... . 12. A huge black cloud appeared from behind the forest, so we had to turn back and hurry home. If ... . 13. We shall not go to see them because it is very late. If ... . 14. Naturally she was angry, because you were in her way. If ... .

Ex. 31. Translate into Russian.

1. Provided you had enough money to start business you would succeed.

2. If executives had not enjoyed their work, they could have changed it.

3. They would have done it provided they had obtained the de­livered equipment.

4. They know that unless they meet the needs of consumers, government will establish new guidelines which will restrict their freedom of enterprise.

5. Were I asked what are the advantages of partnership I would start with the following.

6. Providing I got your clarifying explanations I should get a clear conception of this phenomenon.

7. If Lockheed could not get the additional money, it too would go bankrupt.

8. If the administration wants to stimulate economic activity it will have to lower tax rates.

9. If the economy is running at full capacity and the administra­tion chooses to cool it down one way of doing so would be to increase income tax.

10. In case you were in a strong financial position you could be considered a desirable partner.

11. If a firm's productivity were not rising as fast as that of other firms it would not be able to compete successfully. It would either have to raise prices or lower quality.

12. If you want to launch and grow a high-potential new venture you must understand the many things that you have to do.

13. Landers consider the net asset of a prospective borrower to determine his ability to repay the loan should the new business fall.

14. Were the prices being increased by the franchisor out of line, this added cost could dramatically affect your business's future earn­ings.

15. If you are considering any type of partnership arrangement, you have to be extremely careful.

Ex. 32. Translate these sentences into English (focus on conditionals).

A.

1. Он так изменился! Если бы вы его встретили, вы бы его не узнали.

2. Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы не покупал эту машину.

3. Если бы он не следовал советам врача, он бы не поправился так быстро.

4. Если он будет здесь, я тебе позвоню.

5. Я не знал, что вы лежали в больнице. Если бы я знал, я бы пришёл навестить вас.

6. Если бы эта книга не была такой дорогой, я бы купил её.

7. Они поженятся, если она согласится.

8. Когда я был в Москве, у меня не было фотоаппарата. Если бы у меня был фотоаппарат, я бы сделал несколько снимков.

9. Мы пойдём в театр, если она присмотрит за нашими детьми.

10. Если бы у них был выбор, они бы жили за городом.

11. Если ты не будешь много работать, ты никогда не будешь знать английский хорошо.

12. Если бы ты пошёл на вечеринку вчера, ты бы встретился со многими интересными людьми.

13. Если я заболею, я не пойду в институт.

14. Если бы ты помог мне перевести эту статью, я бы не получил плохую оценку.

15. Что бы ты сделал, если бы выиграл миллион?

B.

1. Если бы мы усовершенствовали качество товаров, мы бы увеличили объём продаж.

2. Если бы оплата была проведена к концу того месяца, мы могли бы потребовать компенсацию.

3. Будь у него больший опыт, мы бы дали ему эту работу.

4. Мир был бы лучше, если бы им управляли экономисты.

5. Если бы посещаемость была выше, мы смогли бы больше зарабатывать на рекламе.

6. Если вы введёте ключевые слова «аукцион», «продать», вы легко сможете обнаружить сайт таких компаний через любую поисковую машину.

7. Я буду продвигать Ваш продукт на рынке при условии, что вы отдадите мне полностью права на него на 2 года.

8. Я бы набрал молодых и талантливых программистов при условии, что мне бы выделили деньги на специальный тренинг для них.

9. Если бы розничные продавцы были более ответственны, мы бы не потеряли столько денег.

10. Да, мы можем обмениваться документами через Сеть, но только если Вы возьмёте на себя создание безопасных каналов связи.

11. Если бы наши распространители были чуть более гибкими, мы бы продали больше товара в этом месяце.

12. Имей мы более новый стандарт связи, мы бы не теряли столько времени.

13. Если бы мы могли проникнуть во внутреннюю сеть компании! Мы узнали бы много значимой (важной) информации!

14. Если я не буду иметь возможности работать он-лайн, мои доходы снизятся.

15. Они дают 3% скидку посетителям своего сайта, при условии, что те заполняют специальную анкету потребительских интересов.

16. Имей он кредитную карту, можно было бы всё заказать через Интернет, не выходя из дома.

Ex. 33. Read and translate the texts. Find conditional sentences and define the form of conditional.

FAILING TO LISTEN

The successful interviewee reads the interviewer's tone and gestures and responds accordingly. This means paying attention, and knowing when to continue, change direction, or stop talking. Avoid potentially controversial and overly personal issues.

When you see their attention lagging, change the topic or, better yet, ask a question. Don't get carried away with the sound of your own voice. Pay attention to the interviewer's questions and line of conversation. Bear in mind that what they want to hear is more impor­tant than what you may want to say.

LOSING YOUR COOL

If you are being interviewed for a high-level or high-pressure position, you may be subjected to a pressure interview. This can take the form of making you wait, having the interview interrupted (once or several times), inappropriate conversation or questions, and even rudeness or hostility. Most likely, you will never be subjected to such tactics, although some unpleasant situations (especially being kept waiting) can arise without intent.

The trick is to know yourself, your tolerance, and what you're willing to put up with. If you react, do so with control and resolve, so that you won't regret your behavior afterward. It's a matter of personal temperament and values and perhaps how badly you want the job.

BLOWING THE NEGOTIATION

If you get the offer, at some point you will have to negotiate your compensation package and any other benefits. Make sure that the terms of your employment, including responsibilities, reviews, and related conditions are defined and that you have a clear idea of what is expected of you. Don't commit yourself to a salary or conditions that will make you unhappy.

Remember, once you have accepted specific terms, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to amend them. So prepare yourself to ne­gotiate wisely on your own behalf.

WHO WOULD YOU RATHER WORK FOR?

Women are more efficient and trustworthy, have a better understanding of their workforce and are more generous with their praise. In short they make the best managers, and if men are to keep up they will have to start learning from their female counter­parts, a report claims today. The survey of 1,000 male and female middle and senior managers from across the UK is an indict­ment of the ability of men to function as leaders in the modern workplace.

A majority of those ques­tioned believed women had a more modern outlook on their profession and were more open minded and con­siderate. By way of contrast, a similar number believe male managers are egocentric and more likely to steal credit for work done by others.

Management Today magazine, which conducted the research, said that after years of having to adopt a masculine identity and hide their emotions and natural behavior in the workplace, women have become role models for managers.

The findings tally with a survey of female bosses carried out in the US. A five-year study of 2,500 managers from 450 firms found that many male bosses were rated by their staff of both sexes to be self-obsessed and auto­cratic. Women on the other hand leave men in the start­ing blocks when it comes to teamwork and communicat­ing with staff.

In Britain more than 61% of those surveyed said men did not make better bosses than women. Female man­agers use time more effec­tively, with many of those surveyed commenting that juggling commitments is a familiar practice for women with a home and a family.

Female managers also appear to make good finan­cial sense for penny-pinching companies: most people, of either sex, would rather ask for a rise from a man.

“If men want to be suc­cessful at work they must behave more like women,” said the magazine's editor, Rufus Olins. “Businesses need to wake up to the fact that so-called feminine skills are vital for attract­ing and keeping the right people. In the past women who aspired to manage­ment were encouraged to be more manly. It looks now as if the boot is on the other foot.”

Prom the Guardian

PRODUCTIVITY IS EFFICIENCY

Productivity indicates the efficiency with which goods and services are being produced. Most often it is measured by the amount of output that results from a given amount of input. It deals with the efficiency with which a firm uses its factors of production in turning out goods and services.

Creator productivity should result in a better product to be sold at lower prices, which should stimulate demand. This should increase the number of jobs available and their rates of pay. It also should en­able firms to compete more successfully with other firms in this country and abroad. Increases in productivity come from more efficient use of the factors of production - natural resources, labor, management, and capital goods.

If a firm's productivity is not rising as fast as that of other firms, it will not be able to compete successfully. It will either have to raise prices or lower quality, either of which would lower sales. Employee layoffs would be the next step unless productivity can be raised.

It is the increase in productivity that provides the basis for increased wages and salaries for employees. If a firm's productivity does not increase, a raise for its workers can only come from lowering the profit level or raising prices. In most situations like this, a firm is likely to raise its prices. If it does, customers may buy fewer of its products.

The work force then may have to be reduced. If most compa­nies respond to lessened productivity by rising prices, this can be an inflationary force in the economy. Therefore, everyone – management, workers, and customers - all gain from increases in productivity. One of the factors contributing to inflation in 1974 and 1975 was the slight decline in productivity while wages and salaries were rising about 10 percent. This, coupled with higher costs for materials and parts, forced prices even higher and added to the inflation problem.

POINT AND COUNTERPOINT: THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGERS

The thought of being a boss someday is a glamorous thought for most people. After all, the manager has a nicer office than most workers and has a key to the executive washroom. If things go wrong, he can always find one or two subordinates to blame. On the other hand, if things go very well, he can stand up and take credit for being the captain of his ship. One can reason that management is very much like coaching. No matter how good or bad a coach you are, the ulti­mate success or failure of the team will depend on the abilities of the players. Being a good coach is knowing how to best orchestrate the talent of the team; and if the team has very little talent, the best coach in the world is not going to come out with a winning season.

Therefore, to believe this line of reasoning, almost anyone who gets the job can succeed. The trick is to get the position in the first place. Once one obtains a management position, he can learn on eve­ryone around him; and if they have the ability, he will succeed. The possible exception to this theory would be someone in an area like sales management. In such a field, if sales don't rise, your managerial star begins to fall.

Even if you don't do well as a manager, if you are lucky enough to work for a fairly large firm, they will "kick you upstairs". This usually means that you are placed in a staff position, one in which you can do little harm to the firm's operations. Being kicked upstairs usu­ally means a salary increase and a new, more impressive title, so you are that much better off than before. And now you have a lot less re­sponsibility.

Most experienced managers will say that all of the above rea­soning is pure bunk. Take the idea of a good coach or bad coach as an example. It is true that a good coach with a bad team will probably never have a winning season, but such a coach will probably have a much better season than a bad coach with a bad team.

A good manager, like a good coach, is someone with the training, experience, and know-how to make the best out of whatever combination of resources he has to work with. Because this is the ultimate challenge to managers, being a successful manager is one of the most difficult jobs.

Even experienced managers admit that unsuccessful col­leagues often get kicked upstairs to be exiled out of operations. In­wardly, however, these people are disappointed and depressed be­cause money and title are not enough to overshadow their inadequa­cies as management personnel. In fact, being kicked upstairs is a se­vere punishment to the sensitive individual because he recognizes his failure and knows that his fellow workers recognize it as well. Further­more, he must continue to face these people day after day, and this is not an easy situation to adjust to.