- •State Examination
- •Глава 1. Morphological structure of a word
- •Глава 2.Various ways of word-building in me
- •Глава 3. Modern English Phraseology
- •Глава 4.Lexico-semantic grouping in mel
- •Глава 5. The Latin borrowings of different periods
- •Глава 6. French as the most important foreign influence on the English language.
- •Глава 7. The Noun
- •The category of case
- •Глава 8. The Verb
- •Глава 9. Adjective
- •Глава 10. Category of Definiteness – Indefiniteness (The Noun)
- •1) The limiting function.
- •Глава 11. The Theory of Phrase(Ph)
- •The Phrase
- •Глава 12. The sentence(s)
- •Глава 13. Categorical structure of the word
- •Глава 14. The theory of phoneme
- •Глава 15. Lexical stylistic devices
- •Глава 16. Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices
- •Глава 17. The theory of intonation
- •1. Melody (tone, tune)
- •2. Stress.
- •3. Rhythm
- •Глава 18. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices
- •Глава 19. Syntactical stylistic devices
- •Глава 20. Parts of Speech (Grammatical Classes of Words)
- •Глава 21. Types of meaning (m)
2. Stress.
It is the greater prominent which is given to 1 or more words in an utterance as compared with other words in the same utterance.
a) Sintagmatic stress.
The stress represents the most important func-al type. Together with the main tones it sinles out the semantic center of the utterance. It is usually on the last stressed syllable.
b) Syntactic stress
Marks other semantically important words within the syntagm on level pitches.
c) Logical stress
Is a shifting of the syntagmatic stress from its normal place on the last stressed word in this utterance. In this way a new utterance with a new semantic center is created.
3. Rhythm
Is the regular recurrence of a stressed syllable in the flow of speech. The English rh. is based on the rh-ic groups. The rh.gr. is a stressed syllable or a stressed syllable with 1 or more unstressed syllables. The center of the rh.gr. is the stressed syllable.
There are certain rules of rhythm:
a) The stressed syllables occur in the language at more or less equal intervals of time.
b) Every non-initial rh.gr. begins with a stressed syllable.
c) The initial rh.gr. may begin with either stressed or unstressed syllable or syllables.
d) The greater number of unstressed syllable among stressed ones the more rapidly they are pronounced.
Глава 18. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices
Phonetic stylistic devices
The existing models of organizing speech or sounds can be divided into two groups: versification and instrumentation.
Versification is from latin “versus” – стих, “facio” – делаю. Versification is the art of creating poetry according to the rules of a certain language and poet’s practice (varieties of poetic feet and metres, rhymes and rhyming patterns).
Instrumentation is the some of speech sound selection and combination message foregrounding the utterance thus creating expressive and emotive connotations (euphony - благозвучие, cackophony – неблагозвучие, alliteration, assonance, onomatopheia).
Onomatopheia is a combination of speech sounds, which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder), by things (machines or tools), and by people (laughter, sighing, patter of feet).
Ку-ка-ре-ку – cock-a-doo-dle-do; мяу – mew; тик-так - tick-tack.
Things falling into the water: a coin - “plop”; smth larger (dog) – “splash”; human body – “splosh”.
Balloon (пробка от шампанского) – “pop”, “bang”.
Alliteration is a figure of speech which consists in the repetition of consonants (especially initial) in words in close succession.
Assonance is a figure of speech based on the repetition sounds or diphthongs without reguard of consonants, the kind of vowel rhyme. e.g. How sad and bad and mad it was (Browning).
Graphical stylistic devices
They serve to convey in the written form the effects which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation and stresses. We refer here the emphatic use of the punctuation and deliberate change of the spelling of a word.
Graphon is the intentional vacation of the graphical shape of a word (word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation. Graphons indicate irregularities, carelessness of pronunciation, foreign accent.
Pure Graphical Stylistic Devices
Multiplication: laaarge, r-r-ruin
Hyphonation: I en-vy her
Capitalization: I Love him
The use of italics, the use of punctuation: I Love him!!!