- •State Examination
- •Глава 1. Morphological structure of a word
- •Глава 2.Various ways of word-building in me
- •Глава 3. Modern English Phraseology
- •Глава 4.Lexico-semantic grouping in mel
- •Глава 5. The Latin borrowings of different periods
- •Глава 6. French as the most important foreign influence on the English language.
- •Глава 7. The Noun
- •The category of case
- •Глава 8. The Verb
- •Глава 9. Adjective
- •Глава 10. Category of Definiteness – Indefiniteness (The Noun)
- •1) The limiting function.
- •Глава 11. The Theory of Phrase(Ph)
- •The Phrase
- •Глава 12. The sentence(s)
- •Глава 13. Categorical structure of the word
- •Глава 14. The theory of phoneme
- •Глава 15. Lexical stylistic devices
- •Глава 16. Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices
- •Глава 17. The theory of intonation
- •1. Melody (tone, tune)
- •2. Stress.
- •3. Rhythm
- •Глава 18. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices
- •Глава 19. Syntactical stylistic devices
- •Глава 20. Parts of Speech (Grammatical Classes of Words)
- •Глава 21. Types of meaning (m)
Глава 21. Types of meaning (m)
First of all lang-ge is a means of communication & the most important one.That’s why the main category of Linguistics is M.There are 2kinds of M:
1)the grammatical;
2)the lexical.
The former is characteristic of separate Ws which are referable to certain object.The later is a more abstract character & becomes obvious only against the background of meaningful positions.In a sentence a W has several gram.Ms.Lex.M isn’t connected with the changes of gram.forms of 1&the same W.It remains stable&unchanged.In sentence a W is used in 1 of the lex.Ms.{‘go,goes,went,going,gone’ have diff-nt gram.M,but have 1&the same semantic component denoting the process of movement}.
Lex.M consists of 3components:
1)the denotational component;
2)the significational comp. as a typical notion,a complex of features of an object(denotate);
3)the connotational comp. is additional information to a W depicting an attitude of a person to an object.
Connotational M is subdivided into:
1)emotional colouring {‘well-known’,’famous’,’notorious’are synonyms,the 1st W has a general M,the 2nd is in a good sense,the 3d in a sad sense}.
2)stylistic referens;stylistically Ws can be subdivided into:neutral;literary(bookish);coloqual.
Semantic Structure of a W
Ws are not the units of a single M.Monosemantic(однозначные)Ws have one M.Most of Ws convey several notions & thus have several Ms,they are called polysemantic Ws.Смирнитский was the 1st who defined a unit of a W that possesses(cохраняет) its own sound form & lex.M & which keeps unchangeable as a lexical-semantical variant (LSV)of a W.Виноградов was the 1st who spoke about the semantic structure of a W, the semant,structure of a W as an interrelated(взаимосвязан.)&interdependent(взаимозависим.)unity of its LSVs.{Diff-те ДЫМы may be clearly seen in a context:
*in diff-nt combinations:to stand straight,to stand heat;
*in diff-nt syntactical positions:to stand out,to stand for;
*in their phraseological piquliarities:it stands to reason,to stand on end}.
The Ms in the semantic structure of a W are not equal.Traditionally the basic & the minor(второстеп.)Ms are distinguish.Basic M is a kind of a centre of a W,round which all other minor Ms are organized.{The W ‘table’ has about 14 Ms.The basic M is ‘стол’}юЕру minor Ms stongly depend oa a context.{hard work;to keep+Gerund(reading)=to continue doing smth;heavy blow}.