- •Английский язык
- •§1. Основные формы глагола ...................................................................126
- •X. Imagine that you are to make a report. While preparing it use the
- •Unit two
- •7 Типов волн
- •Lesson three
- •Lesson four
- •Unit three
- •Lesson one Pre-text Exercises
- •Lesson three
- •Lesson four
- •Text с Compact Disks
- •Unit four
- •Lesson three
- •Lesson four
- •Unit five
- •Lesson one Pre-text Exercises
- •Lesson two
- •Text a The Age of Electronics
- •Lesson three
- •Lesson four
- •Vacuum Tubes
- •Unit six
- •Lesson one
- •Lesson two
- •Text a Transistors and Semiconductor Devices
- •Lesson three
- •Integrated Circuits
- •Lesson four
- •Text с From Radio Valves to Cosmic Communications
- •Unit seven
- •Text a Lasers and Masers
- •Industry
- •Lesson three
- •Lesson four
- •Laser at Work
- •Unit eight
- •Lesson three
- •Unit nine
- •Pre-text Exercises
- •Miniaturization
- •Unit ten
- •Lesson one Pre-text Exercises
- •Lesson two
- •Text a The Generations of Computers
- •Lesson three
- •Text в Microprocessor System
- •Lesson four
- •Text c a Step away from Ideal
- •Unit eleven
- •Text a Mechanization and Automation
- •Unit twelve
- •Lesson one Pre-text Exercises
- •Text a Historical Background of Robots
- •Industrial robots
- •Lesson three
- •Text в People and Robots
- •Lesson four
- •Text с Three Generations of Robots
- •Unit furteen
- •Lesson four
- •Information and Communication in the Third Millennium
- •Unit fifteen
- •Lesson two
- •Interactive Picture Information Systems
- •Lesson four
- •Text с a Perspective on the Development of Videotex
- •Грамматический справочник
- •1. Глагол
- •§1. Основные формы глагола
- •§ 2. Система грамматических времен английского языка
- •1. Времена группы Indefinite
- •2. Времена группы Continuous
- •3. Времена группы Perfect
- •4. Времена группы Perfect Continuous
- •§ 3. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
- •1. Способы перевода глагола-сказуемого
- •2. Способы перевода подлежащего
- •§ 4. Согласование времен (The Sequence of Tenses)
- •§ 5. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •§ 6. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •§ 7. Условные предложения (The Conditional Clauses)
- •§ 8. Глагол to be (to be — was, were — been)
- •§ 9. Глагол to have (to have — had — had)
- •§ 10. Глагол to do
- •§ 11. Глагол should
- •§ 12. Глагол would
- •II. Неличные формы глагола
- •3. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Subject)
- •4. Объектный инфинитивный оборот
- •5. Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for
- •§ 14. Причастия (The Participles)
- •1. Формы причастия
- •2. Функции Participle I
- •3. Функции Participle II
- •4. Независимый причастный оборот
- •§ 15. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •1. Формы герундия
- •2. Функции герундия в предложении
- •3. Герундиальный оборот (Gerundial Construction)
- •4. Сравнение функций Participle I и Gerund
- •III. Анализ предложения
- •§ 16. Простое предложение (The Simple Sentence)
- •1. Признаки строя предложений в английском языке
- •2. Группа подлежащего
- •3. Группа сказуемого
- •4. Дополнение
- •5. Обстоятельство
- •6. Определение
- •§ 17. Сложное предложение (The Composite Sentence)
- •1. Сложносочиненное предложение
- •2. Сложноподчиненное предложение
- •§ 18. Усилительные конструкции (Emphatic Constructions)
- •It was the development of radio Именно развития радио
- •§ 19. Определительные сочетания
- •1. Показатели границ определительного сочетания
- •IV. Многофункциональные местоимения
- •§ 20. It
- •§ 21. That - those
- •§ 22. These
- •§ 23. One
- •§ 24. Грамматическая омонимичность слов, оканчивающихся на -s, -ed, -ing
Lesson three
I. Look through the list of English words and their Russian equivalents facilitating reading text B:
integrated circuit – интегральная схема; resistor – резистор; capacitor – конденсатор, емкость; package, case – корпус; lead – ввод, вывод; infinitesimally small terms – бесконечно малые члены выражения; chip (die) – чип, кристаллик; to tend – иметь тенденцию; cost – цена, стоимость; common – широко распространенный; общепринятый; thin– and thick-film ICs – тонко пленочные и толстопленочные интегральные схемы (ИС); simultaneously – 1. одновременно; 2. совместно; complete – полный, завершенный; performance – 1. производительность; эффективность; 2. качество функционирования; digital computer – цифровая ЭВМ; design – 1. проект; 2. конструкция; to design – проектировать, конструировать, разрабатывать; evaluate – оценивать; to bring about – вызывать, быть причиной.
II. Skim through the text and say what it is about (you are given 10 minutes):
Text B
Integrated Circuits
An integrated circuit (IС) is a collection of interconnected transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors mounted in one package or case with as many as fourteen leads.
The word "integrated" does not refer to the mathematical process of adding together an infinite number of infinitesimally small terms, but rather to the fact that all transistors, diodes, and resistors are formed from a single piece of semiconductor material called a "chip" or a "die". If only one chip is present in the case, the IС is called "monolithic"; if several chips are mounted inside the case the IС is called "hybrid". Some integrated circuits contain several thousand transistors and resistors, and so extreme miniaturization is possible.
Because of their extremely small size, integrated circuits tend to be restricted to low power applications. Their small size, however, does enable them to operate at high frequencies. The cost of an IС is considerably less than the total cost of the separate components.
Monolithic ICs are by far the most common, but there are other kinds. Thin-film and thick-film ICs are larger than monolithic ICs but smaller than discrete circuits. With a thin– or thick-film IС, the passive components like resistors and capacitors are integrated simultaneously on a substrate. Then, discrete active components like transistors and diodes are connected to form a complete circuit. Therefore, commercially available thin– and thick-film circuits are combinations of integrated and discrete components1.
If only a few components have been integrated to form the complete circuit it is an example of small-scale integration (SSI)2. As a guide, SSI refers to ICs with less than 12 integrated components.
Medium-scale integration (MSI)3 refers to ICs that have from 12 to 100 integrated components per chip. Large-scale integration (LSI)4 refers to more than a hundred components.
The IС is becoming more important as a component to be used in the design of electronic equipment, not only in equipment that must be small and light in weight, but where reliability and performance are demanded. In many areas of application particularly in digital computers, the IС provides more economical designs.
A number of important new developments are being evaluated both in the laboratory and in limited product usage. Some of these promise to bring about significant changes in the way microcircuits are designed and used.
Notes
discrete component – дискретный компонент
SSI (small-scale integration) – малая интегральная схема
MSI (medium-scale integration) – средняя интегральная схема
LSI (large-scale integration) – большая интегральная схема
III. Answer the following questions:
1. What is an integrated circuit? 2. What does the word 'integrated' mean? 3. What types of integrated circuits are known to you? 4. What is large scale integration?
IV. Give the main points of text В in 3-5 sentences.
V. Speak about integrated circuits.