21. Typology of the category of mood.

This category may be expressed lexically with the help of different words which reveal the attitude of the speaker to reality. In English such words as (maybe, probably, certainly) and modal verbs (can, may, must) and in russian (возможно, вероятно ) and modal verbs ( мочь, хотеть) and the category of modality, may be expressed grammatically in both languages, with the help of different Moods. The main form to express modality of reality in both languages, is Indicative Mood or изъявительное наклонение. It denotes an action as real going at some period of time.

In russian only one mood is used to express an action as unreal desirable or possible and that is subjunctive mood which is built analytically with the help partical бы and past form of the verb. In russian, subjunctive mood, may express an action in the past , present or future (хотел бы поехать завтра., вчера, сегодня) б besides , the meaning of condition in russian, may be expressed be a verb in singular, second person, imperative mood. In English, such cases are imposible ( скажи ему не ходи – он не сделает) повелительное наклонение.

In English, modality of unreality, is expressed by 4 moods. Subjunctive 1, 2, suppositional , conditional.

Conditional mood is used in principal clauses of a complex sentence, like( if I were at home, I would help him)

Subjunctive 2 has present and past distinctions ( if I came, if I had come). Subjunctive 1 doesn’t express the category of tense, person, number. It is used in poetry very often, commercials for stylisic purposes ( be it so, long live ….)

Suppositional mood. It has no grammatical categories, it is built analytically. The verb should + Infinitive. ( I suggest that he should go) . In russian, subjunctive mood is used in such cases.

Imperative Mood. Expresses demand, request, order in both languages.It has the category of person and number. In russian, a verbs in the second person, singular and plural may express Imperative Mood synthetically (читай – читайте) But in english only 1 verb is used for singular and plural ( read, write) First person in russian may be expressed by 2 forms , synthetical like ( пойдем- поедем) and analytical ( будем читать- будем писать) And in English only analytically ( let’s go, let’s reda)

22. Grammatical categories of adjectives, types of adjectives in Eng and Rus

23. Typological characteristic of type of sentence in eng and rus.

In all languages , sentences have principal element, subjects and predicates. But their structure is different. Types of subjects:

1 one component subjects are expressed usually by 1 notional word in both languages. It maybe 1 a noun (in both languages ) a girls plays the piano.

2 by a pronoun also (in both languages) we are students.

3 by a substantivised adjectives ( a poor gathered in the street) бедные собрались .

4 present or past participle ( only in russian) трудящиеся собрались)

5 numeral ( in both languages) 5 is my favorite number, второй прибежал первым.

In all these above mentioned cases there is concord or agreement btw subject and predicate, in the category of number. But there are cases, when there is no agreement btw subject and predicate. When the subject is expressed by:

1- infinitive (in both languages) – to know all is to know nothing, курить здоровью вредить))))))

2 gerund (in English only) reading is my hobby.

Two component subjects.

-which consist of2 dependent words, when 1 word cannot exist without an other. It is typical of the English (there was a pause ----there+pause, or with the construction it + to say (it is useless to say)

Types of predicates in english and russian.

One component predicates with agreement or concord include the majority of predicates in English and Russian. But, in English , agreement is more limited. Eg the boy reads a book. Agreement in person, tense and number. Мальчик читает книгу ( agreement in person, number and tense)

One component predicates without agreement are limited by a small group of modal verbs in English – I, he, she, they---- can ,may, must…. etc

Two component predicated- consists of 2 words:

1 a link verb+ noun (in both languages? but more common in English) – she became a doctor. Она стала врачем.

2 a verb + adjective (in both languages, but more typical of English) – she turned red, he fell silent . Он стал красным(---он покраснел)

Typology of sentences in English and Russian

Typologically sentences are characterized by

1. The number of principle elements they be with 1 member or 2

2. Communicative function

3. Position if the predicate in preposition or postposition to a subject

4. Agreement between subject and predicate

5. Position of an attribute in preposition or postposition to the attributive word

6. Word-order it may be fixed or free

1). Characteristic of sentences according to The number of principle elements

Two-member sentences with subjects and predicates. They may be of 2 types: 1) verbal 2) nominal

Verbal 2 member sentences may be with agreement and without. In English such sentences may have the structure Attribute+Subject+predicate. And there’s no agreement b/w attribute and subject.

Ex. Red roses grow in the garden

Structure Attr+Subj+Pred with Agreement is typical of the Russian language only.

Nominal 2member sentences have predicates which consist of a link-verb usually the verb “to be” and nominal part which may be expressed by an Adj, a noun or a pronoun. 2 classes:

1. Sentences may have agreement in both members of the predicate or only in one. Sentences with agreement in both parts are typical of the Russian lang only

Ex. Он был выдающийся художник.

Sentences where nominal part of the predicate is expressed by an adj.

День был прекрасный.the day was nice.

Sentences with a noun in instrumental case which are typical of the Russian lang only

Ex. Он был поэтом -

2. Sentences in which the nominal part is expressed by a link verb which agrees with a subject. They are typical of the English lang only

Ex. She is clever, they are clever

Nominal part in this part may be expressed by a possessive pronoun “the book is mine”.

One-member sentences of verbal type which are typical of the Russian lang only. In English they have 2 members.

Ex. Морозит - it’s freezing

Темнеет - it’s getting dark

In rus in such sent pred may be expressed by a verb in the 2^nd person Sg

Ex. Тише едешь – дальше будешь.

By a verb in the 3^rd person

Ex. Вечерело, темнело, смеркалось.

2. By a 3^rd person Pl

Ex. Их разместили в гостинице.

One-member sentences of nominal type.

They are expressed by 1 model only where subject is a noun in Nominative case typical of the Russian lang only

Ex.ночь, улица, фонарь, аптека

In modern English they are now used in fiction.

Ex. Night and the boundless sea.

In present day English they can be used either.

2. Communicative function

According to the communicative function sentences may be

Declarative (negative, …..)Imperative Exclamatory Affirmative sentences express some statement, the difference is in word-order.

Negative sentences differ in structure. In Russian they may have several negations

Ex. Никто никогда ничего не знает

In English only 1

Ex. Nobody ever knows…

Interrogative sentences may be of the following types

1. General questions

2. Special

3. Alternative

4. Disjunctive

An interrogative word in English is always placed at the head of a special question.

Ex. What is your name? where did you go?

In Russian it may be place in the middle of the sentence.

Ex. Он куда уехал?

Besides in Russian a sentence may become interrogative without any syntactical changes. The intonation turns a statement into a question?

Ex. Он студент?

Imperative sentences in both lang-es induce the person addresses to fulfill a certain action or request. And they have verbs in imperative mood.

Ex. Пиши, сиди,. Come here.

(+ знания о повелительном наклонении)