- •1Comparative Typology as a branch of general linguistics
- •2. Functions of language and language universals
- •4. The history of typological studies
- •5. Methods of typological analyses.
- •7. Typological characteristics of consonants in Eng. & Rus. The most common mistakes in articulating.
- •8. Typological characteristics of vowels in Eng. & Rus. The most common mistakes in articulating.
- •10. Syllabic structures in Eng and Rus.
- •11. Types of morphemes in Rus & Eng.
- •12. Ways of expression of grammatical meaning
- •13. Grammatical and typological categories.
- •14. Grammatical functions of the article. The category of determination in Rus.
- •15. Typology of category of Gender
- •16. Typology of category of number
- •17. Typology of the category of case
- •18. Typology of the category of tense
- •19. Typology of the category of Aspect
- •20. Typology of the category of voice
- •21. Typology of the category of mood.
- •22. Grammatical categories of adjectives, types of adjectives in Eng and Rus
- •23. Typological characteristic of type of sentence in eng and rus.
- •24. Attributive word combinations in eng and rus.
- •25. Word classes in eng and rus. Polysemy and homonymy.
- •30. Typology of compound words
- •31. Types of bilinguism
- •32. Types of language interference
- •3. Comparative phonetics and typology
- •6.Typology of parts of speech
- •10.Typological characteristic of a verb.
- •13. Typology of syntactical systems.
- •15. Typology of lexical systems.
13. Typology of syntactical systems.
The idea of a syntactical level.
Syntax of language is a level which deals with more complicated units, than a simple word. Syntactical level, as any other level of a lang, has its own set of units – a phrase and a sentence. A phrase is a combination of 2 or more notional words, united on the basis of a certain syntactical relation, playing a nominating function.
Ex. Новые часы – A new watch; читать книгу – to read a book; ходить в школу – to go to school.
So, a phrase as well as a word nominates an object, an event, an action, a process. But in contrast to a word, which presents a whole unit of a lang (Аракин)
In coordinative word combinations, words are in equal positions and it is possible to change their places (mother and son, son and mother) THE SAME IS IN RUUSSIAN. In subordinate word combinations, words can’t change their places (a big house) In every languages, word combinations, words are according to the models of this language. Thus a word combination, formed with the help of subordination maybe characterized by the following features.
1 by forms of expression of syntactical relation (attributive, objective, adverbial)
2 by types of expression of syntactical relations (agreement, government, adjoinment (примыкание))
3 by the position of the dependent or ‘adjunct (придаточное) word, upon the kernel word in preposition or post position (расположение позади)
In both languages, there are word combinations, in which a dependent component gives some temporary characteristic to an object or person which appears during a certain action (he sat pale, он сидел бледный). This type of relation is called predicative and it is typical of both languages.
15. Typology of lexical systems.
The word is the fundamental unit of lang representing the things of the real world and the psychological life of men. There have been many attempts to define “the word” but generally excepted is the following:
The word is a sequence of human sounds conveying a certain concept, idea or meaning which has gained general exceptance in a social group of people speaking the same lang and historically connected. This definition takes meaning as the most essential aspect of the word. So, the question is What meaning Is?
Meaning inseperable from the word itself because it reflects the reality of things. The reality of thought which is also a material phenomenon manifests itself in lang. and the property or quality of a thing which strikes men most of all, he adopts as a basis of for /to naming it.
Perception of external world is different in different lang-es. Language is national and thought is international. But experiments prove lang
Typology of compound words. May be characterized
By a number of roots
Type of connection (adjoinment, adjoining morpheme, and with the help of auxiliary verbs )
1 group may be divided into a) sunrise (predicative connection), red-breast (attributive). Black-board. Joining morpheme. Auxiliary words (editor-in-chief, hide-and-see). In Rus they seldom occur мать-и-мачеха.
2 group