10. Syllabic structures in Eng and Rus.

There are four types of syllable in English and Russian: 1. V Purely open syllable consisting of one vowel only. In Russian союзы и о а , in English e a ea (diphthong)

2. CVC Purely closed syllable with a structure consonant-vowel-consonant (сад, дом, tom-back, hat,cat)

3. CV Half-open syllable (прикрытый) with the structure consonant-vowel (на , до, то, )go so no

4. VC Half-closed with the structure vowel-consonant am, is,ice, ( ил, от, им)

As we know there are languages in which syllables are formed with the help of a vowel like Russian< slavonik languages, but in English some consonants may form syllables, usually sonorants L,M,N,R. In Russian we have two three or even four consonants in preposition to a vowel like встревожить , in English only three consonants may be used in preposition to a vowel and the first is usually phoneme S in English, the second voiceless explosive P,T,K and the third is only sonorant R or L.(spring), ы – never occur in initial position.

11. Types of morphemes in Rus & Eng.

The main unit of morphological system is a morpheme. It’s a part of a word with grammatical or lexical meaning. Lexical meanings are typical of morphemes, the main unchangeable part. Except the root there suffixes prefixes. We may speak about the steam if we add affixes to the root.

Flexions usually have gramm. meanings, affixation is typical of the majority of lang-s. Some lan-s. use more prefixes (in Rus. prefixes are more typical of verbs and suffixes in nouns).

There are aome common points in eng an rus suffixes from the point of view of their origin.

Some suffixes used to be separate words before they became morphemes (hood, dome,) крестьянин – Янин, Анин – they used to be pronouns.

Many suffixes were borrowed from latin and greek. (ism-ist, extra,multy, poly).

In the process of the historical development the morphological structure may be changed. Богородицкий called this fact опрощение (simplification), decomposition – переразложение.

Simplification is a gramm. process in the result of which a compound word loses the independent meaning of its component parts and they are excepted as a single morpheme. (in Rus. в-кус originally two morphemes, but now no prefix) (husband = house + bond simplification). Simplification is typical of borrowed words.

Decomposition когда границы м/д морфемами меняются нес/е – те.

Types of morphemes in English and Russian.

The main unit of the morphological level is a morpheme. The words consist of morphemes separate parts with grammatical significance. The primary element of a word is the root. It is the main unchangeable part of the word conveying lexical meaning. Besides words contain affixes - prefixes and suffixes, which modify the meaning of the word, and suffixes also change the word from one part of speech to another – work-worker. The stem is the part of the word which includes the root and affixes. Endings or flections express different grammatical meanings implied in words of all grammatical forms, affixation is the most frequently used. Prefixes and suffixes are used in the majority of known languages. In Russian for ex, prefixes are more common in verbs and suffixes in nouns,. There are some common features in English and Russian affixes from the point of view of their origin. Some suffixes were independent words before they became affixes, for ex. English – freedom, dom had the meaning of decision, power, independent word. Some affixes were borrowed from latin and greek like –able, -ism, -ist, -extra, which are more or less alive in present day English and Russian. In the course of historical development the boundaries between morphemes in a word may change. Words change morphologically. The main factors contributed to this change were discovered by the Russian philologist Pr.Bogorididsky who called this changes simplification (опрощение) and decomposition (переразложение) simplification is a grammatical process in the result of which a word loses the independent meanings of its component parts. For ex in Russian the word ВКУС is not divided now into prefix в and root кус, though this word was considered to be compound , now it is treated as one morphemic word. In English words friend used to be suffix ND, in the word Forbid, prefix FO, but now in present day English they are treated as one morphemic word.