4 Семестр

Тест

Put the correct form of the verb choosing between A,B,C,D variants.

1.They to return after the bomb safe.

A allowed, was made

В have been allowed, will be made

С were allowed, had been made

D had been allowed, has been made

2. There's the car. My husband . I must go

and bathe my eyes, I don't want him to see I ________

A had come, was crying

В comes, had been crying

С has come, have been crying

D came, cried

3. He on with the new boss, so he _ another branch.

A doesn't get, asked to transfer

В hasn't got, had asked to have been trans­ferred to

С doesn't get, has asked to be transferred to

D isn't getting, asked to transfer to

4. At the port we saw a steamer which with grain.

A was being loaded

В was loaded

С loaded

D is being loaded

5. Don't go that way, the road since March.

A repairs

В is repairing

С has been repaired

D has been repairing

6. After we_____ all the packing it will be nice to have a snack.

A will do

В are doing

С have done

D will have done

7. He____ on with the new boss, so he _

another branch.

A doesn't get, asked to transfer

В hasn't got, had asked to have been trans­ferred

С doesn't get, has asked to be transferred

D isn't getting, asked to transfer

8)_____At the port we saw a steamer which_____with grain.

A was being loaded

В was loaded

С loaded

D is being loaded

9._______Don't go that way, the road_____ since March.

A repairs

В is repairing

С has been repaired

D has been repairing

10. What question when the talks

A is considered, break

В was considering, broke

С had been considered, are broken

D was being considered, were broken

11. He___ up and down the room for an hour now thinking of the story he

A walks, writes

В has been walking, was writing

С is walking, has been writing

D was walking, wrote

12. My cousin with us until she____somewhere to live.

A stays, will find

В is staying, finds

С stayed, can find

D was staying, found

13. Your guests____ They__ in the garden.

A arrived, sat

В are arriving, have sat

С have arrived, are sitting

D arrive, were sitting

14. What sort of research now and who ____ it?

A is being done, is doing

В is doing, has done

С has done, was doing

D has been done, will be doing

15. We'll get married as soon as we____ the problem of where we____to live.

A will settle, will be

В have settled, are going

С settle, come

D will have settled, was going

16.Uncle Max slipped as he_____ beside the river and____into the water with a loud cry.

A walked, has fallen

В was walking, fell

С is walking, falls

D has walked, is falling

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Приводим образцы текстов для домашнего чтения:

WHO IS AN EXECUTIVE?

It is generally defined that an executive is a person or group having administrative or managerial authority in an organization, which may be a company, corporation, bank, hospital, Foundation, college, university, etc. The chief officer of a government, state, or political division is also commonly recognized as an executive. The administrative or managerial responsibility includes planning for the effective functioning, growth, and profitability of the organization, decision making on issues that influence or affect the organization, leading the organization towards its objectives and goals and creating a healthy environment and opportunities for development and career growth for the employees at all levels.

From a functional point of view a pyramid structure for the employees of an organization has been found to be the most effective and is the basis of organizational set-up for small and large companies, corporations, and government departments in the United States of America. At the lower and middle level of the pyramid the persons responsible for the effective functioning of the units of the organization, though called upon to bear some degree of managerial and administrative responsibility to their division or department, are not called executives. Often they are designated as managers, foremen, department heads, etc. The persons serving at the top level of the organizational pyramid are generally referred to as executives.

However, there is no universal agreement as to who an executive is. The widely accepted notion is that an executive is one who carries out his/her job responsibilities through appropriate delegation and management of the resources and people who report to him/her. In this sense, an executive may be considered as one who gets things done through other people as well as himself/herself. What distinguishes an executive from an employee is the former's role in planning, decision making, and providing leadership for the growth and profitability of the organization, whereas an employee has no such input in its functioning.

LEADERSHIP

What is Leadership?

In its simplest form, leadership is the skill or ability to guide by showing the way or to command and direct. It also implies the ability to induce in others a willingness to accept and to follow – often referred to as the ability to motivate others.

Contrary to what most people believe, leadership is not something that a person is blessed with at birth. But the characteristics that contribute to leadership are acquired. It can therefore be developed and improved. Leadership for the executive can not easily be separated out of his/her overall executive ability. Getting your subordinates to work together toward group goals, for example, is both a leadership as well as executive function.

Leadership is not an all-or-nothing skill. It is not that either you have it or don't have it. Leadership is more appropriately considered in relation to the conditions under which you operate, rather than to some abstract, arbitrary rules of do's and don'ts.

Three Types of Leadership

To get the most from a group of individuals working together towards common goals is best accomplished when one person is charged with the responsibility of achieving the goals. For all practical purposes this person is considered as the leader of the group and it is for him/her to deal with the different personalities of the group such that each person contributes optimally. Three different approaches in leadership have generally been known to be most effective in dealing with most people. Briefly on principle they are:

Autocratic leadership. The leader assumes full responsibility for all action. He/she issues orders and seeks obedience from the group in following his/her orders. All policies are determined by the leader, and all decision-making are also done by him/her.

Democratic leadership. The leader draws ideas and suggestions from the group by discussion and consultation. Group members are encouraged to take part in setting policies. The player plays the role of a moderator.

Supportive leadership. In this approach the leader plays mostly the role of a supporter attending to the needs of the group members. He/ she is on hand mainly to provide materials and information, with a minimum of control.

As an executive you should consider that these three basic methods of leadership are but three tools available to you for appropriate application with your group. These three approaches are not mutually exclusive. It is for you to use your judgment diligently in getting work done through one or more of these approaches suiting the person and the situation. Some people respond better to autocratic leadership, some to democratic, and yet others to supportive type of leadership.

Questions to the text.

Are leaders born or made?

1. What is leadership function?

2. What are the main leadership styles? Do you know more? Describe every style

3. What style of leadership is more effective?

4. What is the main function of the leader?

5. Who is a leader?

6. Is manager a leader?

7. What is leadership?

II/ What abilities of the leader are mentioned in the text? Describe each of them.

Name other abilities and features of the leader.

III/ Which of expressions characterize the following styles? ( autocratic, democratic, supportive)

THE PROBLEM OF POWER

The role of power in American life is a curious one. The privilege of controlling the actions or of affecting the income and property of other persons is something that no one of us can profess to seek or admit to possessing. No American ever runs for office because of an avowed desire to govern. He seeks to serve - and then only in response to the insistent pressure of friends or of that anonymous but oddly vocal fauna, which in­habit the grass roots. We no longer have public officials, only public servants. The same scrupulous avoidance of the termi­nology of power characterizes American business. The head of the company is no longer the boss - the term survives only as an amiable form of address - but the leader of the team. It is years since the United States has had a captain of industry; the brassbound officer who commands has now been entirely replaced by the helmsman who steers. No union leader ever presents him­self as anything but a spokesman for the boys.

Despite this convention, which outlaws ostensible pursuit of power and which leads to a constant search for euphemisms to disguise its possession, there is no indication that, as a peo­ple, we are averse to power. On the contrary few things are more valued, and more jealously guarded by their possessors, in our society. Prestige in Congress is nicely graded to the number of votes the particular member influences or the po­tency of his committees. The amount of authority a public serv­ant exercises or - a rough index of this in the lower reaches of the public service - the number of people working under his direction are the accepted measure of his importance in Washington. It is ordinarily taken for granted in the public service that both authority and subordinates will be eagerly accumulated by the energetic man.

Prestige in business is equally associated with power. The income of a businessman is no longer a measure of his achieve­ment; it has become a datum of secondary interest. Business prestige is overwhelmingly associated with the size of the concern which the individual heads.

Answer the following questions:

1. Why is it stated that the role of power in American life is a curious one?

2. Why do American politicos, businessmen, heads of companies, leaders avoid the terminology of power?