§ 8. In conventional direct speech the tenses are used accord­ing to the same principle which governs their uses in complex sen-

tences with a principal clause and an object clause, though there is no principal clause.

She put her hands up to her ears; it was because there were some thin gold rings in them, which were also worth a little money. Yes, she could surely get some money for her ornaments. The landlord and landlady had been good to her; perhaps they would help her to get the money for these things. But this money would not keep her long; what should she do when it was gone?, (Eliot)

§ 9. The sequence of tenses does not concern attributive rela­tive clauses and adverbial clauses ui cause, result, comparison, and concession (if the verb stands in the Indicative Mood).

1 didn't go out of the shop door, but at the back door, which opens into a narrow alley. (Eliot)

He didn't go to the cinema last night because he will have an exam to-morrow.

She worked so much yesterday that she is feeling quite weak to-day.

Last year he worked more than he does this year.

He insisted on going to the library yesterday, though he will

not want the book to-day.

§ 10. The sequence of tenses is generally observed in subject clauses and predicative clauses:

What he would do was of no importance. The question was what he would do next.

It is also observed in appositive attributive clauses:

She had a sickening sense that life would go on in this way. (Eliot)

Chapter XIX INDIRECT SPEECH

§ 1. In contrast to direct speech, in which the exact words of the speaker are given, indirect speech is a form of utterance in which these words are reported.

§ 2. When direct speech is converted into indirect speech the following changes are introduced:

591. The quotation marks and the comma (or colon) are omitted.

592. If the speaker reports somebody else's words the pronouns of the 1st person are replaced by those of the 3rd person; the pro­nouns of the 2nd by those of the 1st or 3rd.

He said, "I am ready." He said he was ready.

If the speaker reports his or her own words, the pronouns are naturally not changed:

1 said, "1 am ready." I said I was ready.

593. If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, de­monstrative pronouns and adverbials expressing nearness are replaced by words expressing distance:

Here is replaced by there. This by that, these by those.

Now by then, at that time (moment), or no adverb is used at all.

To-day is replaced by that day.

Yesterday by the day before or on the previous day.

Ago by before.

A year ago by a year before. Last night by the previous night.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

She said, "We have been here for She said they had been there for

a week." a week.

She said, "1 met them yesterday." She said she had met them the

day before.

She said, "We can't settle anything She said they could not settlenow " anything at that moment (then).

If the speaker speaks in the same place and at the same time as the speaker whose words are reported, the demonstrative pro­nouns and adverbs are not changed.

"An hour ago he said he would come here to-night."

I told him I wouldn't give him an answer till to-morrow. (Wilde)

4. If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, the tenses are changed according to the rule of the sequence of tenses.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

The Present Indefinite is replaced by the Past Indefinite. She said, "We often write letters " She said they often wrote letters.

The Present Continuous is replaced by the Past Continuous. She said, "We are writing a letter." She said they were writing a letter.

The Present Perfect is replaced by the Past Perfect.

She said, "We have just written She said they had just written a a letter." letter.

The Present Perfect Continuous is replaced by the Past Perfect Continuous.

She said, "We have been writing She said they had been writing

for an hour." for an hour.

The Past Indefinite is replaced by the Past Perfect.

She said, "We wrote a letter last She said they had written a letternight." on the previous night.

The Past Continuous generally remains unchanged, or is replaced by the Past Perfect Continuous.

She said, "I was writing at 5 She said she was (had been)o'clock." writing at 5 o'clock.

The Past Perfect remains unchanged.

She said, "We had written the She said they had written theletter by 5 o'clock." letter by 5 o'clock.

The Past Perfect Continuous remains unchanged.

She said, "We had been writing She said they had been writing

for an hour by 5 o'clock." for an hour by 5 o'clock.

The Future Indefinite is replaced by the Future Indefinite in the Past.

She said, "We'll write a letter She said they would write a letterto-morrow." the next day.

The Future Continuous is replaced by the Future Continuous in the Past.

She said, "We'll be writing at She said they would be writing5 o'clock." at 5 o'clock.

The Future Perfect is replaced by the Future Perfect in the Past.

She said, "We'll have written the She said they would have writtenletter by o o'clock." the letter by 5 o'clock.

The Future Perfect Continuous is replaced by the Future Per­fect Continuous in the Past.

She said, "We'll have been writing She said they would have beenfor 2 hours by 5 o'clock." writing for 2 hours by 5 o'clock.

If the Past Indefinite in direct speech denotes an action taking place at a definite moment, it remains unchanged in indirect speech.

She said, "I had left home before She said she had left home beforethe telegram came." the telegram came.

The Past Indefinite after since generally remains unchanged.

She said, "I have been writing She said she had been writingsince I came." since she came.

594. When sentences containing the Subjunctive Mood are con­verted into indirect speech the form of the verb usually remains unchanged.

However, there is a case when the rule of the sequence of ten-' ses is observed: if we have the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may, may is changed into might if the verb in the principal clause stands in a past tense.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

I should be discharged if I were She said that she would be dis-seen speaking to you. (Shaw) charged if she were seen speak­ing to him.

It is true I drink, but I shouldn't He admitted that he drank, but have taken to that if things said he would not have taken had gone differently. (Maugham) to that if things had gone dif­ferently.

I think cheerfulness is a fortune She thought cheerfulness was a in itself. I wish 1 had it. (Eliot) fortune in itself. She wished she

had it.

Oh, how I wish I had never seen She said she wished she had neverhim! (Hardy) seen him.

The boys will think none the worse He said that the boys would thinkof you whatever you may have none the worse of him whateverdone. (Conan Doyle) he might have done.

595. The verb introducing direct speech is replaced by another verb which shows whether the indirect speech is a statement, a question, an order (request) or an exclamation.

She said, "I've never seen the like of it."

She said to him, "Do you know .them?"

She said to him, "Come here at once!"

She said, "Why, 1 never expected he would do such a thing."

She declared she had never seen

the like of it. She asked him if he knew them.

She told him to come at once.

She exclaimed she had never ex­pected he would do such a thing.

(For detailed treatment see § 3, 4, 5, 7.)

7. It should be borne in mind that there is a great difference between the style of direct and that of indirect speech.

Direct speech is characterized by a certain looseness of structure and is more emotional than indirect speech.

Indirect speech, on the contrary, is characterized by rigid logic of structure and terseness.

Accordingly, if, for instance, no conjunctions expressing causal relations are to be found in direct speech, they must be introduced into indirect speech.

She said, "1 am so tired! I've been She said she was very tired aswriting for five hours." she had been writing for five

hours.

If certain words and phrases are repeated in direct speech, they must not be reproduced in indirect speech.

She said it was very kind of him to offer to help her.

very, exceedingly, etc. in excla-

She said Jane played the piano

very well. She said Jane was an exceedingly

(very) good pianist.

She said to him, "It's very kind of you to offer to help me, very kind indeed."

So and such are replaced by matory sentences.

She said, "Jane plays the piano so well!"

She said, "Jane is such a good pianist!"

Interjections must be replaced by suitable adverbial modifiers.

She said, "Alas! I'll never be happy She exclaimed in despair sheagain!" would never be happy again.

She said to him, "You must be

more careful " (advice) She said, "You must be very fond

of music if you go to concerts

so often." (supposition)

8. Musi, as a rule, remains unchanged in indirect speech if it expresses advice (order) or a supposition bordering on assurance (должно быть).

She told him he must be more careful.

She said he must be very fond of music if he went to concerts so often.

She was informed thai she must never again walk much. (Hardy) He said he was afraid you must think him ungrateful. (Marryat) Mr. Brownlow smiled and said that Mr. Grimwig was an old friend of his and he must not mind his being a little rough in his manners. (Dickens)

Must is generally replaced by had to if it expresses necessity arising out of circumstances. •

She said, "I must get up early She said she had to get up earlyevery morning." every morning.

Must is generally replaced by was to if it expresses arrange­ment or a kind of order.

She said, "I must ring him up She said she was to ring him upat two o'clock." at two o'clock.