Совершенные времена

(The Perfect Tenses)

Present Perfect	+	I/you/we/they have just played tennis. He/she has already played tennis.	Используем, когда говорим о периоде времени, который продолжается с прошлого до настоящего момента: Have you ever been to Paris? –Ты когда-нибудь был в Париже?(с момента своего рождения до настоящего момента) Действие произошло только что, но не уточняем, когда именно: Oh! I have cut my finger!-О! Я порезал палец! Действие произошло в прошлом и имеет результат сейчас: He told me his name but I have forgotten it .- Он говорил мне свое имя, но я забыл. Используем слова/ фразы – сигналы: never -никогда, ever - когда-либо, recently -недавно, lately - в последнее время, before- перед, до, this week- на этой неделе, just- только что , yet –еще не, already - уже, since- с, с тех пор, fo - в течении. Используем с today- сегодня/ this morning-этим утром/ this evening-этим вечером и др, когда эти периоды времени не закончены к моменту высказывания: I have drunk four cups of coffee today. – Я выпил 4 чашки кофе сегодня (возможно, до окончания сегодняшнего дня я выпью еще чашку.)
	_	I/you /we/ they have not played tennis yet. He/ she has not played tennis today.
	?	Have I/you/we/they played tennis recently? Has he/she ever played tennis?
Past Perfect	+	By the time John arrived, I/you/he/she/we/they had already played 2 tennis sets.	Используем, когда говорим о действии в прошлом, которое произошло до другого действия в прошлом (предпрошедшее): I decided to buy a house because I had seen an article in the newspaper. - Я решил купить дом, потому что увидел статью в газете. (После этого я решил купить дом). Используем by the time- к тому времени, как , when, because-потому что, so-поэтому, before-до, перед, after-после и as soon as- так скоро, как
	-	I/you/he/she/we/they had not played our tennis set when John arrived.
	?	Had I/you/he/she/we/they played the tennis set before John arrived?
Future Perfect	+	I/you/he/she/we/they will already have played the tennis set by three o`clock in the afternoon tomorrow.	Используем, когда говорим, что действие будет завершено к определенному моменту времени в будущем: We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema. Мы опаздываем. К тому времени, как мы будем в кинотеатре, фильм уже начнется.
	_	I/you/he/she/we/they will not have played the tennis set by the time John arrives.
	?	Will I/you/he/she/we/they have played the tennis set by ten p.m. tomorrow night?

Present Perfect Continuous	+	I/you/we/they have been studying English for five years. He/she/it has been studying since two o`clock.	Действие продолжалось в течение какого-то времени и до сих пор продолжается. (Важен не результат, а само действие): It has been raining for two hours-Дождь идет на протяжении двух часов. Обычно не используем с глаголами, которые не используются в продолженных временах (love, like, see, hear etc.), а также с глаголами, обозначающими однократное действие: start/begin-начинать, find-находить, lose- терять, break-ломать, come- приходить, stop-останавливать и др.
	_	I/you/we/they have not been studying English for five years. He/she has not been studying for three hours.
	?	Have I/you/we/they been studying? Has he/she been studying English since September?
Past Perfect Continuous	+	I/you/he/she/we/they had been studying for two hours when John came.	Используем, когда действие происходило в течение какого-то времени в прошлом, перед тем, как произошло другое событие: I was very tired when I arrived home. I had been working hard all day. - Я был очень усталым, когда вернулся домой. - Я усердно работал весь день.
	-	I/you/he/she/we/they had not been studying for an hour yesterday.
	?	Had I/you/he/she/we/they been studying?
Future Perfect Continuous	+	Next year I/you/he/she/we/they will have been studying English for six years.	Используем Future Perfect Continuous, чтобы подчеркнуть продолжительность действия до начала другого действия в будущем или к определенному моменту в будущем: In September we will have been living in this house for a year. - В сентябре будет год, как мы живем в этом доме.
	_	I/you/he/she/we/they will not have been studying by the time John arrives.
	?	Will I/you/he/she/we/they have been studying?

Упражнение 1. Выберите грамматически верное составленное предложение a) или b), где использованы глаголы в Past Simple или Present Perfect.

1. a. I saw John yesterday.

b. I have seen John yesterday.

2. a. Did you ever eat Indian food?

b. Have you ever eaten Indian food?

3. a. Diana won 5000$ last month.

b. Diana has won 5000$ last month.

4. a. I have never drunk champagne.

b. I never drank champagne.

5. a. Did they live in London five years ago?

b. Have they lived in London five years ago?

6. a. Did Mary write a book last year?

b. Has Mary written a book last year?

7. a. I have not seen her this week.

b. I did not see her this week.

8. a. Have you seen the Statue of Liberty yet?

b. Did you see the Statue of Liberty yet?

9. a. I did the shopping today.

b. I have done the shopping today.

10. a. I have never been to the USA in my life.

b. I was never in the USA in my life.

Упражнение 2. Закончите предложения, используя глагол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect или Future Perfect.

1. I _______(play) golf in my life.

2. When I came home, my sister________ (cook) dinner.

3. Tom is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this, ________ he (spend) all his money by the end of his holiday.

4. Phone me after 8 o`clock. … (we /finish) dinner by then.

5. Bob … (return) by seven o`clock tomorrow.

6. They … (be married) since 2001.

7. I just …(have) dinner.

8. The girl gave the goats the grass which he …(bring) from the field.

9. I already (do) my homework.

10. Kate gave me the magazine which she …(buy) the day before.

Упражнение 3. Закончите предложения, используя глагол в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. Your brother already_____(do) her homework, when you returned home from work?

2. When the teacher____(enter) the classroom, the students already _____ (finish) their translation.

3. Kate ____(give) me the magazine which she_____(buy) the day before.

4. Mother saw that George _____(not wash) his hands.

5. Mary _____(finish) her homework by seven o`clock.

6. She _____(think) that she_____(lose) the money.

Упражнение 4. Употребите глагол в нужной форме, используя Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect или Future Perfect Continuous

1. We were good friends. We ________(know) each other for a long time.

2. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She _________(run).

3. When I arrived, Kate was waiting for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she _____ (wait) for a very long time.

4. I was sad when I sold my car. I ________ (have) it for a very long time.

5. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ________(travel) for more than 24 hours.

6. The teacher understood that Henry _______(not do) her homework

7. Richard is on holiday and he is spending his money very quickly. If he continues like this____ he (spend) all his money before the end of his holiday.

8. Sue is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment. So far she has travelled about 1000 miles. By the end of the trip_____ she (travel) more than 3000 miles.

9. This book on Proust is really difficult. On Sunday I _____(read) it for a month, and I am still only half way.

10. Jimmy is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he is national champion again- for the fourth time. He _____(win) the national championship four times.

11. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films. They _____(make) ten films since they left college.

12. On two years` time Morneau _____(act) for 50 years, and shows no signs of retiring from the theatre.

13. Whether I`ve finished the report or not, by 9 o`clock I _____(work) for 12 hours without a break and I am going home.

14. Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53. He _____ (read) for two hours.

15. Linda is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour three months ago. She _____(travel) for three months.

Упражнение 5. Восстановите пропущенные вопросы в следующем диалоге.

At the bus-stop

Student 1: (1) ______________________________?

Student 2: No, the university bus hasn’t arrived yet.

Student 1: (2) ______________________________?

Student 2: As a rule, it comes every 5 minutes, but it’s late.

Student 1: (3) ______________________________?

Student 2: I have been waiting nearly 25 minutes and there’s still no sign of it.

Упражнение 6. Вы работник американского посольства. Студент ИжГСХА собирается поехать на сельскохозяйственную стажировку в США. Задайте ему несколько вопросов, начиная с Have you ever..?)

You	Russian Student
1. Do you like changing places and meeting new people? You (be) abroad? What countries you (to visit)?	Yes, very much. Yes, but only once. Baltic States.
2. Can you speak English? How long you (to learn) English? You (speak) to a foreigner?	Yes, I can. For 9 years. No, never
3. Do you know anything about agriculture? You (to work) at a farm? What practical skills you (to receive)?	Yes, quite a lot. Yes, once. Many, e.g. to milk a cow.
4. Do you have a driving license? You (to drive) a tractor?	Yes, I do. Never.
5. Do you have any problems with your health? You (to get) a health certificate yet? You (to make) all the necessary injections?	I don’t think so. Yes, I have. Sure.
6. You sent your documents to the US embassy a month ago, didn’t you? You (to receive) a visa? You (to buy) a ticket?	Yes, I did. Yes, I have. Not yet.

ПРОВЕРЬ СЕБЯ

(TEST YOURSELF)

1. Hallo, Tom. I didn’t see you/haven’t seen you/hasn’t seen you/ hadn’t seen you for so long time.

2. That was the best dinner I have ever eaten/I ever ate/ had ever eaten/ever eat.

3. By 10.p.m. we will have completed/are completing/complete/will complete all the presentations.

4. She lives/lived/had been living/has been living here since her birth.

5. She has been living/had been living/was living/lived here since she was a child.

6. Next July she had been living/ was living/will live/will have been living here for 10 years.

7. How long have you stood/ did you stand/ have you been standing/ do you stand there?

8. Jane has never eaten/had never eaten/had never been eating/didn’t eat pizza until we took/ had taken/has taken/will take her to an Italian restaurant.

9. Jack and Mary have known/knew/ have been knowing/had known each other for ten years before they decided to get married.

10. By the year 2020 scientists won’t solve/won’t have solved/won’t have been solving/won’t be solving all the ecological problems of today.

11. I feel a smell of smoke. Has someone/have someone/had someone/will have someone been smoking in the room?

12. John won/has won/had won/will have won three silver medals before he finally won a gold one.

13. He told that he collected/has been collecting/was collecting/had been collecting stamps since 1985.

14. By the time they reach New York they will be travelling/will travel/will have been travelling /travelled for 16 hours.

15. Have you made/did you make/had you made/have you been making any new friends since you moved/have moved/has moved/move to your new school?

16. Why are you smiling? – I passed/was passing/had passed/have passed my driving test.

17. Take an umbrella! It is raining/has been raining/has rained/had been raining since morning.

18. After they has spent/spent/had been spending/had spent the day sightseeing they returned/had returned/has returned/will have returned to the hotel.

19. By this time next year we will complete/will have completed/will be completing/complete our experiments.

20. I don’t want to leave London, but my parents have already decided/decided/had decided/ decide to move to Manchester.

UNIT 4