Grammar in use Gerund and its noun and verb characteristics

V + ing

	active	passive
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

Reading of scientific journals is useful. – Читання наукових журналів дуже корисно.

I like being read. – Я люблю, коли мені читають.

Having examined the patient the doctor made a diagnosis. – Оглянувши пацієнта, лікар поставив діагноз.

After having been examined by a doctor, the patient got a prescription. – Після того, як його оглянув лікар, пацієнт отримав рецепт.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to Gerund:

1. They insisted on calling in a doctor.

2. Students assisted the nurse in bandaging the patients.

3. One of the liver’s jobs is making proteins important for blood clotting.

4. Cirrhosis leads to liver becoming scarred and stop functioning properly.

5. The most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, almost always occurs after cirrhosis being present.

6. The surgeon started performing the operation.

7. After taking blood the nurse withdrew the needle from the vein.

8. In this case a doctor can’t make a diagnosis without palpating the abdomen.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets and translate the words using Gerund:

1. The students have already finished (писати) the test.

2. The blood can’t be transfused without (визначення) blood group.

3. The doctor advised the patient (поїхати) to the sanatorium.

4. The patient gave up (курити) several years ago.

5. (Покинути) the hospital without the doctor’s permission is impossible.

6. (Поставити) a correct diagnosis and (прописати) a proper treatment lead to a successful convalescence.

7. The students succeeded in (проведенні) this difficult experiment.

8. Treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus is performed by (призначення) an adequate dose of insulin.

Exercise 3. Find sentences with Gerund in the text and translate them into your native language.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets and put the verbs in a correct form:

1. Cirrhosis most often (to cause) by chronic liver disease resulted from long-term alcohol abuse or hepatitis C.

2. If hepatitis A (to suspect), the doctor will test antibodies to detect the hepatitis A virus.

3. Since 1992, all donated blood and organs (to test) for hepatitis C.

4. Degeneration of hepatic cells, in the patient observed yesterday, (to cause) by hepatitis A.

5. This patient (to make) already a liver dialysis twice

6. Two patients (to admit) to the hospital an hour ago.

7. Next Monday the patient suffering from severe liver damage (to make) a dialysis.

8. The name of great surgeon Pirogov (to know) not only in our country.

Exercise 5. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Hepatitis viruses can survive in water and food for days and weeks.

2. These patients were administered liver transplantation.

3. The patient is complaining of nausea and sometimes vomiting.

4. The scientists have established a total weight of blood in the human being.

5. All movements of the body are regulated by the cerebral cortex.

6. Scar tissue has already replaced healthy liver tissue.

7. The urine in this patient contained a small amount of protein and erythrocytes.

8. The patient has a slightly elevated body temperature.