The anatomy of reproductive system.

Human reproductive system includes both the genitals that are visible outside the body as well as the internal sex and reproductive organs.

The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testicles, spermatic ducts, sex glands and penis. These organs work together to produce sperm and deliver it out of the body and into the vagina where it can fertilize egg cells to produce offspring. Unlike the female reproductive system, most of the male reproductive system is located outside of the body. These external structures include:

• penis. It has three parts: the root, the body and the head, which is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes removed with the help of circumcision. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and erect.

• semen. Semen contains sperm, which is ejaculated through the end of the penis when the man reaches sexual climax (orgasm). When the penis is erect, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.

• scrotum . It is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the penis. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes.

• testicles. Testes are oval organs in the scrotum, that are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for generating sperm.

Together with female reproductive organs, they can lead to the reproduction of human life. The female reproductive anatomy includes parts both inside and outside the body. The external female reproductive structures enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. They include labia majora ( "large lips"), labia minora ("small lips" ) and clitoris.

The internal reproductive organs in the female include:

• vagina . It is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body.

• uterus . Uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix and the corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.

• ovaries. They are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.

• fallopian tubes , where the fertilization of an egg occurs . Fallopian tubes are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.

An egg only lives for 24 to 36 hours. If not fertilized, it is flushed out of the system through menstruation.

In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 5. Answer the questions.

1. What does the male reproductive system include?

2. What does the female reproductive system include?

3. What do the reproductive organs lead to?

4. What are the external and internal organs of the human reproductive system?

5. What do the ovaries do?

6. Where are the fallopian tubes located?

7. How long does the egg live for?

8. What are the testicles responsible for?

9. What happens to an egg if not fertilized?

Exercise 6. Match the terms with their definitions.

prostate penis reproductive (genital) system fallopian tubes ovaries uterus scrotum semen mammary glands

a walnut-sized exocrine gland that borders the inferior end of the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra the male external sexual organ located superior to the scrotum and inferior to the umbilicus a pair of muscular tubes that extend from the left and right superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries milky fluid, white in color and contains enzymes, proteins, and other chemicals a pair of small glands about the size and shape of almonds, located on the left and right sides of the pelvic body cavity lateral to the superior portion of the uterus a sac-like organ made of skin and muscles that houses the testes. It is located inferior to the penis in the pubic region a special type of sudoriferous glands that have been modified to produce milk to feed infants a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located posterior and superior to the urinary bladder. Connected to the two fallopian tubes on its superior end and to the vagina (via the cervix) on its inferior end

Exercise 7. Translate the following word-combinations into English.

Основні органи репродуктивної системи людини , виробляти потомство, містити ферменти і білки, захищати статеві органи від інфекційних організмів, привести до відтворення людського життя, запліднення яйцеклітини, підтримувати репродуктивний цикл, домівка для плоду, що розвивається, виробляти яйця і гормони, внутрішнi і зовнішні статеві органи, мандрувати з яєчників до матки, бути видаленими за допомогою обрізання, нести відповідальність за виробництво тестостерону, вимиватися із системи

Exercise 8. Read and translate. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions form the box below.

1. The reproductive system or genital system is a system … sex organs … an organism which work together … the purpose … sexual reproduction.

2. … mammals, the major organs of the reproductive system include the external genitalia as well as a number … internal organs

3. The human reproductive system usually involves internal fertilization … sexual intercourse.

4. . … successful fertilization and implantation, gestation of the fetus then occurs … approximately nine months, this process is known … pregnancy … humans. Gestation ends … birth.

5. Human's babies and children are nearly helpless and require high levels … parental care … many years.

6. One important type … parental care is the use … the mammary glands … the female breasts to nurse the baby.

In (3), as, of (6), for(3), by, upon, with, within

Exercise 9. Translate into Ukrainian, paying attention to various types of conditional sentences.

1. If I had gone to university, I would have studied medicine.

2. If you come late, you won’t be allowed to attend my class.

3. You will sleep much better if you take this medicine.

4. If he prepares well for the exam, he will score good marks.

5. If she had got up earlier, she wouldn’t have been late for the university.

6. If he'd taken the medicine, he wouldn't still be sick.

7. If he had scored more marks, he would have done medicine and become a doctor.

8. I won’t get my scholarship if I don’t pass this exam.