Key dates in science

1644 Evangelista Toricelli, an Italian physicist, discovered the principle of the barometer.

1682 The English astronomer Edmund Halley described and charted the orbit of the comet.

1687 The English physicist Isaac Newton published his book Principia, in which he proposed the laws of motion and gravity.

1704 Isaac Newton wrote Optics, a book about prisms and light.

1712 The English inventor Thomas Newcomen built the first atmospheric steam engine.

1752 The American scientist Benjamin Franklin showed that lightning is a form of electricity.

Lesson 8

Grammar. Часи групи Perfect Passive

Text 8A. Changes in Matter

Text 8B. The Science of Ice

Topic. The Engineering Profession

Відмінювання дієслова to tell в часах групи Perfect Passive

to have + been + PII (III форма дієслова)
Present	Past	Future
I We You have been told They He She has been told It	I He She It had been told We You They	I He She It will have been told We You They

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. Determine the Tense and the Voice of the verb:

1. Have all these books been read? 2. The letter has just been typed. 3. She showed me the picture which had been painted by her husband. 4. He has been told everything, so he knows what to do now. 5. The door has been left open. 6. She said that the new timetable had not yet been hung up on the notice board. 7. The light has not yet been turned off. 8. By three o’clock everything had been prepared. 9. The papers had been looked through and corrected by the next lesson. 10. The letter has just been sent. 11. Invitations have been sent to all the old pupils to be present at the school’s anniversary. 12. This man has been much spoken of. 13. Have your compositions been handed in? 14. What has been said is true. 15. After the facts had been thoroughly examined by her, she no longer felt worried. 16. This mountain has never been climbed before. 17. She told me that those newspapers had been carefully put away where they would not be lost. 18. Why have these cups been put here in this cupboard?

Exercise 2. Choose the right form of the predicate.

1. Two new engineers (were introduced, have been just introduced) to the head of the department. 2. All the texts were looked through yesterday and not a single mistake (was found, had been found). 3. Many students (are enrolled, have been enrolled) in universities this year 4.The translation ( is not finished, has not been finished) yet. It (will be finished, will have been finished) by the end of the month. 5. These journals (was brought, had been brought) by my sister before I returned from Kyiv. 6. This problem (is discussed, has been discussed) much in the press lately. 7. By the year 2030 human labour in industry (will be replaced, will have been replaced) by robots. 8. Today’s global economy (is formed, has been formed) by market, not by the principles of ecology. 9. Cosmologists (are thrown, have been thrown) into confusion by the discovery that the universe is only as old as the stars it contains.

Exercise 3. Use Passive Voice in the following sentences.

1. By three o’clock the workers had loaded the trucks. 2. I have translated the whole text. 3. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets. 4. They have made a number of important experiments in this laboratory. 5. They have forgotten the story. 6. Has anybody explained the rules of the game to you? 7. They haven’t brought back my skates. 8. I haven’t yet translated the article. 9. Has the secretary typed the letters? 10. They have already discussed the novel. 11. The students have written the test paper without mistakes. 12. They have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains. 13. They have recently built a huge plant in the town.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English using Perfect Passive.

1. За директором вже послали. Зачекайте трохи. 2. Ці листи переглянуті. Їх можна відправляти. 3. Вас вже запросили на вечірку? 4. Коли мама прийшла, обід вже був приготовлений. 5. Цей переклад буде закінчений через кілька днів. 6. Стаття повинна бути перекладена до п’ятої години. 7. Ці квіти щойно зірвали. 8. До того часу як він приїхав, лист був вже отриманий. 9. Чи принесли вже книжки з бібліотеки? 10. Цей кінотеатр був збудований до того, як ми приїхали сюди. 11. Цей роман вже перекладений п’ятьма мовами. 12. Коли я повернуся додому, усі мої валізи будуть вже складені. 13. Куди поклали книжки? 14. Чи послали за ліками? – Так, їх шукають. 15. Новий завод буде побудований до початку наступного року. Він буде оснащений найновішим обладнанням.