английский сборник по реферированию

Результаты и ЗАНЯТИЕ выводы 4

исследования

Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в рефератах:

1.be aware of

2.beneficial

3.change

4.community-acquired disease

5.condition

6.correlation

7.definite

8.difference

9.efficiency (Syn. efficacy,

effectiveness) 10.figure (Syn. number)

11.index

12.intervention group

13.invasive procedure

14.long-acting

15.long - life (Syn. long-term)

16.morbidity

17.mortality

18.pattern

19.percentage

20.persistent

21.predictive

22.probable

23.recurrence

24.resistant

знать o

полезный; целебный изменение

негоспитальное (внебольничное, бытовое) заболевание заболевание

корреляция, взаимодействие, взаимосвязь определенный; точный, достоверный разница, различие эффективность

число индекс, показатель, коэффициент

группа вмешательства (медицинского) инвазивная процедура

пролонгированного (длительного) действия длительный, стойкий, долгосохраняющийся заболеваемость

смертность образец; модель; картина

процент, процентное соотношение устойчивый прогностический, предсказыващий вероятный возврат, рецидив

устойчивый, резистентный; не поддающийся (лечению)

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25.respectively	соответственно
26.reversible (Ant. irreversible)	обратимый ( ант. необратимый)
27.sensitivе to	чувствительный к
28.statistically significant	статистически значимый
29.survival	выживание, выживаемость
30.tolerance	переносимость
31.value	показатель, величина, значение

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов.

1.Physicians should be aware of this adverse (нежелательном) effect so that they can avoid unnecessary invasive procedures.

2.Cranberry (клюква) products were more effective for women with recurrent urinary tract infections, than other groups.

3.This method provides a significant advantage (преимущество) in accurate prediction of values when compared to other methods.

4.It is the most common radiographic pattern of pneumococcal pneumonia in patients requiring hospitalization.

5.Honey (мёд) was found to be beneficial in the prevention of hepatic damage due to obstruction of the common bile duct.

6.Patients with definite or probable pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were significantly older than those without clinical PTB.

7.The survival of kidneys donors appears to be similar to that in the general population.

8.There was no significant correlation between B-cell numbers and antibody levels.

9.These data demonstrate no statistically significant differences in the efficiency of the investigated methods of treatment.

10.Long-term antibody responses against tetanus (столбняк) and diphtheria waned (ослабевали) more quickly.

11.Thus, these treatment decisions should be more sensitive to patient tolerance of therapy.

12.The prevalence of was similar to that among controls from the National Health Nutrition Examination Survey.

13.The incorrectly perceived (воспринимаемые) high severity and expected mortality and morbidity were the main causes why treating physicians believed that inpatient treatment was necessary.

14.The difference was persistent after adjustment for (согласования в отношении) age, sex, race, and parental education.

15.Compared with controls, children in the intervention group had significant changes in body mass index (intervention group vs control group changes: 18.38 to 18.67 kg/m2 vs 18.10 to18.81 kg/m2, respectively).

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16. No statistically significant differences were noted.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Обратите особое внимание на результаты и выводы.

a) THE EFFECTS OF DAILY STRESS AND STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON THE CLINICAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF PATIENTS WITH LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Maria I. Peralta-Ramírez, Juan Jiménez-Alonso, et al Psychosomatic Medicine, September 1, 2004, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 788-794

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to reveal whether stress worsens the clinical symptomatology perceived by patients with lupus erythematosus. We investigated two types of stressors—daily stress and high-intensity stressful life events.

DESIGN An observational prospective study.

METHODS In 46 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 12 patients with chronic lupus discoid (дисковидная красная волчанка), we studied the stress they experienced daily for 6 months and their disease symptoms. The systemic lupus erythematosus activity and cumulative organ damage were also analyzed.

RESULTS We did not reveal that high-intensity stressful life events produced a worsening of the symptomatology of the disease. However, we found that a high percentage of lupus patients (74.1%) perceived a worsening in their clinical symptomatology due to the effects of daily stress.

CONCLUSION Daily stress, and not stressful life events, worsened the clinical symptomatology perceived by lupus erythematosus patients.

worsen – ухудшать

high-intensity stressful life events – стрессовые жизненные события высокой интенсивности

lupus erythematosus – красная волчанка

lupus discoid – дисковидная красная волчанка

b) TOBACCO USE BY MASSACHUSETTS PUBLIC COLLEGE STUDENTS: LONG TERM EFFECT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAM

N A Rigotti, S Regan, J Knight

Tobacco Control, June2002, Vol. 11

BACKGROUND Tobacco use is common among public college students. OBJECTIVE To assess tobacco use among Massachusetts public college students and compare students who attended high school in Massachusetts and were exposed to the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program (MTCP) with students

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who attended high school outside Massachusetts and were unexposed to the programme.

DESIGN Analysis of the 1999 Massachusetts College Alcohol Survey. SUBJECTS 1252 randomly selected students.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self report of current (past 30 day), past year, and lifetime use of cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco.

RESULTS One third of students had used a tobacco product in the past month and 46.4% had used tobacco in the past year. Current tobacco use was lower among public college students who had attended high school in Massachusetts compared with those who attended high school in another state (31.5% vs 42.6%). This difference was persistent after adjustment for age, sex, race, parental education, and students' college residence.

CONCLUSION Students who were exposed to the MTCP during high school are less likely to use tobacco than their peers (ровесники) who were not exposed to this programme. The MTCP may have reduced tobacco use among this group of young adults.

public college – муниципальный (государственный) университет

peers – ровесники

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Сердечно- ЗАНЯТИЕ сосудистая 5

система

Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в рефератах:

1.	acute coronary event	острый коронарныйH					приступH
2.	acute coronary syndrome	острыйH	коронарный синдром
3.	admission diagnosis	диагнозH	при поступлении
4.	auscultatory evidence	аускультативные признаки
5.	baseline	исходный
6.	calcium channel blocker	блокаторH		кальциевых каналов,H антагонистH
		кальция
7.	cardiovascular risks factors	факторы риска сердечно-сосудистых
		заболеваний
8.	chest pain	боль в груди
9.	clinical presentation	клиническиеH				проявления,H клиническая
		картина
10.coronary heart disease		ишемическаяH				болезнь сердца,H коронарнаяH
		болезнь
11.coronary heart disease score		шкала оценки риска коронарной болезни
12.Doppler echocardiography		сердца
		H					H H
		допплер-эхокардиография, доплеровская
13.Doppler imaging		эхокардиография
		H
		допплеровская визуализация
14.evolution		развитие
15.exertion		(физическое) напряжение, усилие
16.hypertension		повышенноеH				кровяное давление,H
		гипертонияH
17.ischemic events (episodes)		ишемические события
18.mitral or aortic regurgitation		аортальнаяH			или митральная регургитацияH
		(перемещение содержимого полого органа

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	в направлении противоположном
	физиологическому в результате
	сокращения его мышц), регургитацияH						крови
	при недостаточности митрального или
	аортального клапана
19.myocardial infarction	инфаркт миокарда
20.rheumatic carditis	ревмокардит, ревматический кардит
21.persist	сохранятьсяH
22.personal history	анамнез
23.predictor	показатель, прогностическийH				фактор
24.rheumatic carditis	ревмокардит, ревматический кардит
25.rheumatic fever	ревматическаяH		атака,H остраяH	ревматическая
	лихорадка
26.ST-segment elevation	инфаркт миокарда с подъемом сегмента ST
myocardial infarction	на ЭКГ
27.subclinical disease	субклиническое (бессимптомноеH					)H
	заболевание
28.substernal chest pain	боли за грудиной и в области сердца
29.systolic hypertension	систолическаяH		(артериальная) гипертензия
30.thiazide diuretics	тиазидныйH	диуретик
31.transient	транзиторный, преходящий,
	кратковременный
32.valvar (valve) lesion	поражениеH	клапана сердца

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов.

1.In 41% of patients admission diagnosis was ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

2.Chest pain raises concern (поднимает вопрос) for the possibility of coronary heart disease.

3.The coronary heart disease score was derived from some variables: age, gender, substernal chest pain location, cardiovascular risk factors, pain increasing with exertion, personal history of cardiovascular disease and other.

4.Systolic hypertension (SH) is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least (по меньшей мере) 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg, in older persons (60 years).

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5.The studies most strongly support the use of thiazide diuretics and long-acting calcium channel blockers as first-line therapy (терапияH первой линии)H .

6.In 41% patients admission diagnosis was ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, whereas 59% presented with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

7.Thus, among nitrate users clinical presentation was tilted toward (склоняются в пользу) non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome by more than four-fold (более чем в четыре раза).

8.Chronic nitrate use remained independent predictor of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

9.Randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to establish whether nitrate therapy may pharmacologically precondition the heart toward ischaemic episodes.

10.Chronic nitrate therapy is associated with different presentation and evolution of acute coronary syndromes.

11.Subclinical lesions are not necessarily transient.

12.Doppler imaging improves the detection of rheumatic carditis. 13.Doppler echocardiography revealed acute valvar lesions.

14.10 of 20 rheumatic fever patients had no auscultatory evidence of rheumatic carditis.

15.Subclinical valve lesions, detected only by Doppler imaging, can persist.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Передайте их содержание на русском языке по схеме.

a) RULING OUT CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN PRIMARY CARE

PATIENTS WITH CHEST PAIN: A CLINICAL PREDICTION SCORE

Baris Gencer, Paul Vaucher, Lilli Herzig et al BMC Medicinе, 2010

BACKGROUND Chest pain raises concern for the possibility of coronary heart disease. Scoring methods have been developed to identify coronary heart disease in emergency settings, but not in primary care.

OBJECTIVE To develop a clinical prediction score to rule out coronary heart disease in primary care.

METHODS Data were collected from a multicenter Swiss clinical cohort study including 672 patients with chest pain, who had visited one of 59 family practitioners' offices. We derived a clinical prediction score to rule out coronary heart disease by means of a logistic regression model.

RESULTS The coronary heart disease score was derived from eight variables: age, gender, duration of chest pain from 1 to 60 minutes, substernal chest pain

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location, pain increasing with exertion, absence of tenderness point at palpation, cardiovascular risks factors, and personal history of cardiovascular disease. From this score, 413 patients were considered to have a low risk of coronary heart disease.

CONCLUSIONS This score, based only on history and physical examination, is a complementary tool for ruling out coronary heart disease in primary care patients complaining of chest pain.

BMC (BioMed Central) – название издательства

clinical prediction score – шкала клиническогоH прогнозаH

rule out – исключить

family practitioner– семейныйH врач

emergency setting – отделение неотложной помощи

primary care – первичнаяH медицинская помощь

tenderness point – болеваяH точка

complementary tool – дополнительноеH средство

b) SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION IN OLDER PERSONS

Sarwat I. Chaudhry, Harlan M. Krumholz, JoAnne Micale Foody Journal of American Medical Association, 2004, Volume 292, pp.1074-1080

CONTEXT The 7th Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure emphasizes the importance of systolic hypertension (SH), defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg, in older persons (60 years).

OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature on clinical management of SH in older persons.

METHODS We performed a MEDLINE search of English-language literature from 1966-2004 to identify reports about SH in older persons. We selected 1064 studies.

RESULTS There is strong evidence from clinical trials to support the treatment of SH in older persons with SBP of at least 160 mm Hg. The studies most strongly support the use of thiazide diuretics and long-acting calcium channel blockers as first-line therapy to treat SH.

CONCLUSIONS Treatment of SH in older patients with SBP of at least 160 mm Hg is supported by strong evidence. The evidence available to support treatment of patients to the level of 140 mm Hg or those with baseline SBP of 140 to 159 mm Hg is less strong; thus, these treatment decisions should be more sensitive to patient preferences and tolerance of therapy.

Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure – ОбъединённыйH национальный

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комитет по предупреждению, выявлению, оценке и лечению высокого артериального давления

strong evidence – веские доказательства

preferences – предпочтения

c)13B CHRONIC NITRATE THERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT

PRESENTATION AND EVOLUTION OF ACUTE CORONARY

SYNDROMES

Allison Wyman, Brian M. Kennelly, Keith A.A. Fox et al European Heart Journal, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 430-438.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated whether antecedent nitrate therapy affords protection against ischemic events.

METHODS We used data from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. The dataset comprised 52 693 patients from 123 centers in 14 countries: 80% were nitrate-naïve and 20% were on chronic nitrates on admission. In nitrate-naïve patients, admission diagnosis was ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 41%, whereas 59% presented with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). In contrast, only 18% nitrate users showed STEMI, whereas 82% presented with NSTE-ACS.

RESULTS Thus, among nitrate users clinical presentation was tilted toward NSTE-ACS by more than four-fold, STEMI occurring in less than one of five patients.

CONCLUSIONS In this large multinational registry, сhronic nitrate use remained independent predictor of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to establish whether nitrate therapy may pharmacologically precondition the heart toward ischaemic episodes.

antecedent – предшествующий

Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events – Международный регистр острых коронарных синдромов

nitrate-naïve – не принимавший ранее нитраты

precondition – обусловитьH

d)B3 PROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF CLINICAL AND

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF RHEUMATIC CARDITIS: LONG TERM FOLLOW UP OF PATIENTS WITH SUBCLINICAL DISEASE

MH . FernándezbH ,H PH . ValdésaH ,H CH . WilsonH et al Heart, Volume 85, Issue 4, 2001

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of occurrence and long term evolution of subclinical carditis in patients with acute rheumatic fever.

SETTING Three general hospitals in Chile.

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METHODS 35 patients fulfilling the Jones criteria for rheumatic fever underwent clinical (auscultatory) and echocardiographic examination. Ten patients had subclinical carditis on admission, six of whom were followed for five years.

RESULTS Mitral or aortic regurgitation was detected by Doppler echocardiographic imaging in 25 out of 35 rheumatic fever patients as opposed to 5 out of 35 by clinical examination. Doppler echocardiography revealed acute valvar lesions in 10 of 20 rheumatic fever patients who had no auscultatory evidence of rheumatic carditis (subclinical carditis). Three of these subclinical lesions and three of the clinical or auscultatory lesions detected on admission were still present after five years of follow up, emphasizing that subclinical lesions are not necessarily transient.

CONCLUSIONS Doppler echocardiographic imaging improves the detection of rheumatic carditis. Subclinical valve lesions, detected only by Doppler imaging, can persist. Echocardiographic findings should be accepted as a major criterion for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever.

long term – отсроченный

Jones criteria for rheumatic fever – критерии Джонса, применяемые для диагностики первой атаки ревматической лихорадки

fulfill – зд. соответствовать

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