английский сборник по реферированию

Респираторная	ЗАНЯТИЕ
система	6

Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в рефератах:

1.	airway	дыхательные пути
2.	aspirate	аспират, материал (напр. клетки, ткани),
		полученный путем аспирации
3.	bacterial colonization	образование колоний бактерий,
		бактериальная колонизация
4.	benefit	польза, благо
5.	chest radiograph (Syn. X-ray film)	рентгеновский снимок грудной клетки
6.	colonize	заселять (ткань, орган)
7.	cough	кашель
8.	culture	культура, культивирование,
		выращивание (микроорганизмов), посев
		культур (микроорганизмов);
		культивировать, выращивать
9.	database	базаH	данных
10.definitive diagnosis		окончательный диагноз
11.family history		семейныйH			анамнез
12.fever		жар, лихорадка
13.hypopharyngeal		гипофарингеальныйH					,H подглоточныйH
14.hypopharynx		гортаннаяH			часть глотки,H гипофаринксH			,H
		гортаноглоткаH
15.laboratory findings		данныеH		лабораторного исследования
16.negative culture		культура с отсутствием роста,
		отрицательный посев
17.outpatient (Ant. inpatient)		амбулаторный (ант. стационарный)
		больной
18.physical findings		физическиеH				показатели

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19.positive culture	культура с наличием роста,
	положительный посев
20.positive sputum culture	положительный посевH		мокроты
21.predict	предсказывать, прогнозировать
22.prescribe	прописывать
23.provide	cнабжать, обеспечивать
24.provider	поставщикH	медицинских услуг,H врач,
	медицинский работник
25.recurrent	рецидивирующий, повторяющийся,
	возвратный
26.retrospective review	ретроспективный обзор
27.tracheostomy	трахеостомия (вскрытие просвета трахеи
	с подшиванием краев разреза трахеи к
	краям разреза кожи для образования
	трахеостомы)
28.wheeze	стридор, тяжелое дыхание, одышка

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов.

1.Despite the findings in controlled trials that antibiotics provide limited benefit in the treatment of acute bronchitis, physicians frequently prescribe antibiotics for acute bronchitis.

2.Charts (истории болезни) were reviewed to document patient symptoms, physical findings, provider and patient characteristics, and treatment.

3.No significant differences were found based on prescribing habits of individual providers or provider level of training (уровень подготовки).

4.We investigated a possible association between bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx in asymptomatic neonates (новорожденный) and later development of recurrent wheeze.

5.Hypopharyngeal aspirates were cultured from 321 neonates at 1 month of age.

6.Previous studies of chronic tracheostomy (CT) have concerned (касались) mainly hospitalized patients.

7.This was a cross-sectional study of 135 children with presumptive diagnosis of PTB.

8.A total of 50 (37%) patients were diagnosed with definitive PTB based on positive sputum culture.

9.The triad of cough, fever, and a purified protein derivative (PPD) was highly predictive (предсказывающий) of culture-positive PTB among children.

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10.A retrospective chart (история болезни) review was performed in a family medicine training center (учебный центр семейной медицины).

11.Patients who had acute bronchitis were selected from a computerized-record database.

12.We investigated whether outpatients with chronic tracheostomy had a high or low risk for developing severe respiratory tract infections.

Обратите внимание на названия микроорганизмов.

Запомните, что в русском тексте следует хотя бы один раз обязательно упомянуть полное латинское название микроорганизмов.

1.	gram-negative enteric bacteria	грамотрицательныеH					кишечные
	(GNEB)	бактерии
2.	Haemophilus influenzae	гемофильнаяH			палочка
3.	Helicobacter pylori	ХеликобактерH				пилори
4.	Moraxella catarrhalis	моракселлаH	H	катаральная
5.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)	туберкулезнаяH				бацилла
6.	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	синегнойнаяH			палочка
7.	Staphylococcus aureus	золотистыйH		стафилококк
8.	Streptococcus pneumoniae	пневмококкH

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на названия микроорганизмов.

1.Aspirates from the hypopharyngeal region of asymptomatic 1-month-old infants were cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus.

2.Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative enteric bacteria (GNEB), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common colonizing bacteria at these sites.

3.Twenty-one percent of the infants were colonized with S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, or a combination of these organisms.

4. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory findings were compared between 3 groups of children with a presumptive diagnosis of PTB: those with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cultures, those with negative cultures, and those who did not meet (не удовлетворяли) clinical diagnostic criteria.

5.Helicobacter pylori infection rates in duodenal ulcer (DU) (язва) patients may be lower than previously estimated.

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Упражнение 3. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Передайте их содержание на русском языке по схеме.

a)B41 PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (PTB) IN CHILDREN IN A

DEVELOPING COUNTRY

Guillermo E. Salazar, Tracy L. Schmitz, Rosa Cama et al Pediatrics, 2001, Vol. 108, Issue 2, pp. 448-453

OBJECTIVE To determine whether features predictive of definitive PTB could be identified.

STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of 135 children (mean age: 6.8 years) presenting to the Hospital del Niño in Lima, Peru, with presumptive diagnosis of PTB. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory findings were compared between 3 groups of children with a presumptive diagnosis of PTB: those with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cultures, those likely to have PTB based on clinical criteria but with negative cultures, and those who did not meet clinical diagnostic criteria or have positive cultures.

RESULTS A total of 50 (37%) patients were diagnosed with definitive PTB based on positive sputum culture. Another 55 (47%) patients were classified as having probable PTB based on meeting at least 2 of the following criteria: cough lasting for at least 2 weeks, typical chest radiograph changes, purified protein derivative (PPD) 10 mm or family history of tuberculosis.

CONCLUSIONS The typical presentation of PTB in Peruvian children includes symptoms of active pulmonary disease similar to those seen in adults. The triad of cough lasting 2 weeks, fever, and a PPD 10 mm was highly predictive for culture-positive PTB among children in this low-income Peruvian population.

feature – характерная черта

predictive of – предсказывающий

mean age– средний возраст

meet criteria – удовлетворятьH критериям

low-income – низкий доход

Peruvian – перуанский

b)WHY ARE ANTIBIOTICS PRESCRIBED FOR PATIENTS WITH

ACUTE BRONCHITIS?

William J. Hueston, Julia E. Hopper, Elizabeth N. Dacus, et al Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 6, 2000

BACKGROUND Despite the findings in controlled trials that antibiotics provide limited benefit in the treatment of acute bronchitis, physicians frequently prescribe

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antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Objective To determine whether certain patient or provider characteristics could predict antibiotic use for acute bronchitis.

SETTING A family medicine training center where antibiotic use had already been substantially reduced due to quality-improvement efforts.

METHODS Patients who had acute bronchitis diagnosed during an 18-month period and who had no other condition requiring antibiotics were selected from a computerized-record database (n = 135). A retrospective chart review was performed to document patient symptoms, physical findings, provider and patient characteristics, and treatment.

RESULTS 35 (26%) patients received antibiotics for their acute bronchitis. Analysis of 20 different symptoms and physical findings showed that symptoms and signs were poor predictors of antibiotic use. No significant differences were found based on prescribing habits of individual providers or provider level of training.

CONCLUSION In a setting where antibiotic use for acute bronchitis had been decreased due to quality-improvement effort, it did not appear that providers selectively used antibiotics for patients with certain symptoms or signs.

despite – несмотря на

quality-improvement efforts – усилия по улучшению качества

family medicine training center – учебный центр семейной медицины

level of training – - уровень подготовки

chart – история болезни

selectively – избирательно

c)CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AFTER BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF

THE AIRWAY IN NEONATES

Hans Bisgaard, M.D., D.M.Sc., Mette Northman Hermansen, M.D. et al New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 357, 2007, pp. 1487-1495

\

OBJECTIVE We conducted a study to investigate a possible association between bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx in asymptomatic neonates and later development of recurrent wheeze, asthma, and allergy during the first 5 years of life.

METHODS The subjects were 321 neonates at 1 month of age who were born to mothers with asthma. Aspirates from the hypopharyngeal region were cultured for

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and

Staphylococcus aureus. Wheeze was monitored prospectively on diary cards during the first 5 years of life. Lung function was measured and asthma was diagnosed at 5 years of age.

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RESULTS 21% of the infants were colonized with S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, or a combination of these organisms. Colonization with one or more of these organisms, but not colonization with S. aureus, was significantly associated with persistent wheeze, acute severe exacerbation of wheeze, and hospitalization for wheeze.

CONCLUSIONS Neonates colonized in the hypopharyngeal region with S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, or M. catarrhalis, or with a combination of these organisms, are at increased risk for recurrent wheeze and asthma early in life.

neonate – новорожденный

diary cards – дневники пациентов

exacerbation – обострение болезни

d)B51 RESPIRATORY TRACT COLONIZATION AND INFECTION IN

PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC TRACHEOSTOMY. A ONE-YEAR STUDY

IN PATIENTS LIVING AT HOME

R. Harlid, G. Andersson, C. Frostell et al

Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 154, No. 1, 07 1996, pp. 124-129

BACKGROUND The high rate of complications, especially respiratory tract infection (RTI), was reported in patients with chronic tracheostomy (CT) However, previous studies of CT have concerned mainly hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVE We investigated whether outpatients with CT had a high or low risk for developing severe RTIs.

METHODS We have followed the bacterial colonization patterns of the upper and lower respiratory tract and recorded all RTIs in 39 outpatients with CT during a 12month period. Patients were colonized with one or more potential pathogens at the stomal site and in the trachea in 95% and 83%, respectively.

RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative enteric bacteria (GNEB), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common colonizing bacteria at these sites. 70% of bronchial-protected brush cultures were negative, despite simultaneous heavy colonization of the stomal site or the trachea. Only 18 of 39 (46%) patients were treated with antibiotics because of RTIs during the study year. Of these, only 5 episodes of pneumonia were registered.

CONCLUSION Outpatients with chronic tracheostomy had a low risk for developing severe RTIs, despite massive airway colonization with potentially pathogenic bacteria.

concern – касаться, относиться

stomal – относящийсяH к стоме

bronchial-protected brush cultures – посевы культур микроорганизмов,

полученных с помощью защищенной бронхиальной щёточки

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Центральная ЗАНЯТИЕ нервная 7

система

Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в рефератах:

1.	aneurysm	аневризма (расширение просвета кровеносного
		сосуда или полости сердца вследствие
		патологических изменений их стенок)
2.	antiretroviral treatment	антиретровируснаяH			терапия
3.	benign	доброкачественный (о течении болезни, об
		опухоли и т.п.)
4.	brain infarct	мозговой инфаркт
5.	brain tumor	опухольH	головного мозга
6.	concomitant	сопутствующий
7.	dual combination therapy	двойная комбинированнаяH					терапия
8.	encephalitis	энцефалитH		H (воспаление головного мозга)
9.	exacerbate	обострять, усиливать
10.glioma		глиома (опухоль центральной нервной
		системы, происходящая из клеток нейроглии)
11.hasten		ускорять (какой-л. процесс и т. п.),
		способствовать
12.incidental finding		случайнаяH		находкаH (при исследовании)
13.injury (Syn. damage)		повреждение, рана, травма
14.ipsilateral		ипсилатеральный, расположенный на той же
		стороне
15.lesion		повреждение, поражение, патологическое
		изменение
16.leukoencephalopathy		лейкоэнцефалопатияH				H (некроз белого вещества
		головного мозга)
17.meningioma		менингиома (обычно доброкачественная
		опухоль оболочек (чаще твёрдой) головного

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			или спинного мозга)
18.neuroradiologist			нейрорентгенолог, нейрорадиолог
19.odds ratio			коэффициентH				несогласия,H		отношение	шансов.
			(Отношение				шансов определяется			как
			отношение шансов события в одной группе к
			шансам события в другой группе, или как
			отношение шансов того, что событие
			произойдет, к шансам того, что событие не
			произойдет).
20.opportunistic disease			оппортунистическиеH					болезниH (вызываемые
			условно-патогенной микрофлорой при
			ослабленном иммунитете)
21.parietal lobe			теменная доля головного мозга
22.pathologicalH		findingH	обнаруженнаяH				патология
23.physical medicine			физиотерапияH			,H физическаяH			терапия
24.primary tumor			первичнаяH		опухоль
25.temporal lobe			височная доля (головного мозга)
26.traumatic brain injury			черепно-мозговая травма,						травматическоеH
			повреждение мозга
27.triple combination therapy			тройная комбинированнаяH						терапия
28.whiteH	matter		белоеH	веществоH (мозга)

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов.

1.Advances (достижения) in medicine result in the detection of asymptomatic brain abnormalities, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, and subclinical vascular pathologic changes.

2.We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of such incidental brain findings.

3.Two neuroradiologists recorded all brain abnormalities, including asymptomatic brain infarcts.

4.Cerebral aneurysms (1.8%) and benign primary tumors (1.6%), mainly meningiomas, were the most frequent.

5.The CNS of 1210 patients (76%) was affected by opportunistic diseases, HIVrelated (ВИЧ-обусловленные) lesions or both.

6.Traumatic brain injury initiates several metabolic processes that can exacerbate the injury.

7.A specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation evaluated the patients.

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8.Treatment with moderate hypothermia for 24 hours hastened neurologic recovery.

9.No risk increase was found for ipsilateral phone use for tumors located in the

temporal and parietal lobes.

10.These data confirm the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment in reducing the frequency of HIV-related CNS lesions in AIDS patients.

11.Some patients received dual combination therapy and other received triple combination therapy.

12.The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of HIV-related central nervous system (CNS) lesions such as HIV-encephalitis and/or HIV- leukoencephalopathy.

13.The prevalence of asymptomatic brain infarcts and meningiomas increased with age, as did the volume of white matter lesions.

14.We evaluated the prevalence of HIV-related central nervous system lesions and correlated it with the changes in antiretroviral treatment.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Передайте их содержание на русском языке по схеме.

a) LONG-TERM MOBILE PHONE USE AND BRAIN TUMOR RISK

StefanH Lönn,H AndersH Ahlbom,H PerH Hall,H HMaria FeychtingH American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 151, Issue 6, 526-535

BACKGROUND Handheld mobile phones were introduced in Sweden during the late 1980s.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this population-based, case-control study was to test the hypothesis that long-term mobile phone use increases the risk of brain tumors. METHODS The authors identified all cases aged 20–69 years who were diagnosed with glioma or meningioma during 2000–2002 in certain parts of Sweden. Randomly selected controls were stratified on age, gender, and residential area. Detailed information about mobile phone use was collected from 371 (74%) glioma and 273 (85%) meningioma cases and 674 (71%) controls.

RESULTS For regular mobile phone use, the odds ratio was 0.8 for glioma and 0.7 for meningioma. Similar results were found for more than 10 years' duration of mobile phone use. No risk increase was found for ipsilateral phone use for tumors located in the temporal and parietal lobes. Furthermore, the odds ratio did not increase, regardless of tumor histology, type of phone, and amount of use.

CONCLUSIONS This study includes a large number of long-term mobile phone users, and it may be concluded that the data do not support the hypothesis that mobile phone use is related to an increased risk of glioma or meningioma.

handheld – карманный

stratify – подразделять

residential area – областьH проживания

furthermore – болееH того

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regardless of –независимоH от

support – поддерживать

b)INCIDENTAL FINDINGS ON BRAIN MRI IN THE GENERAL

POPULATION

Meike W. Vernooij, M. Arfan Ikram., Hervé L. Tanghe

New England Journal of Medicine, 2007

BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is increasingly used in clinical medicine, and scanner hardware and MRI sequences are continually being improved. These advances are likely to result in the detection of asymptomatic brain abnormalities, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, and subclinical vascular pathologic changes.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of such incidental brain findings in the general population.

METHODS The subjects were 2000 persons from the population-based Rotterdam Study in whom structural brain MRI was performed. Two experienced neuroradiologists recorded all brain abnormalities, including asymptomatic brain infarcts.

RESULTS Asymptomatic brain infarcts were present in 145 persons (7.2%). Among findings other than infarcts, cerebral aneurysms (1.8%) and benign primary tumors (1.6%), mainly meningiomas, were the most frequent. The prevalence of asymptomatic brain infarcts and meningiomas increased with age, as did the volume of white matter lesions, whereas aneurysms showed no age-related increase in prevalence.

CONCLUSIONS Incidental brain findings on MRI are common in the general population. The most frequent are brain infarcts, followed by cerebral aneurysms and benign primary tumors.

scanner hardware – сканирующее устройство

MRI sequences –импульсныйH режимH МРТ

detection – обнаружение

c)16B PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

OF AIDS PATIENTS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPУ:

RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 1597 AUTOPSIES

Vago, Luca; Bonetto, Sara; Nebuloni, Manuela et al AIDS, Vol. 6, Issue 14, 2002, pp. 1925-1928

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of HIV-related central nervous system (CNS) lesions (HIV-encephalitis and/or HIV-leukoencephalopathy: HIV-E/L) with

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