английский сборник по реферированию

and without concomitant opportunistic diseases in a large autopsy series, and to correlate it with the changes in antiretroviral treatment.

METHODS We reviewed 1597 autopsies of HIV-positive patients performed between 1984 and 2000, and divided into four time periods on the basis of the therapeutic regimens: 1984-1987, no therapy; 1988-1994, monotherapy (zidovudine); 1995-1996, dual combination therapy with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI); and 1997-2000, triple combination therapy including two NRTI and at least one protease inhibitor or non-NRTI.

RESULTS The CNS of 1210 patients (76%) was affected by opportunistic diseases, HIV-related lesions or both. The prevalence of HIV-related lesions in the four periods was respectively 54%, 32%, 18% and 15%. During the last period, however, differences in HIV-E/L between treated and untreated patients were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS These neuropathological data confirm the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment in reducing the frequency of HIV-related CNS lesions in AIDS patients.

HIV-positive – ВИЧH инфицированный,H ВИЧH -положительный

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors – нуклеозидныйH ингибитор обратной транскриптазы

protease inhibitor – ингибитор протеазы

non-NRTI – ненуклеозидныйH ингибитор обратной транскриптазы

d)TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY WITH MODERATE

HYPOTHERMIA

Donald W. Marion, M.D., Louis E. Penrod, M.D., Sheryl F. Kelsey, Ph.D. et al New England Journal of Medicine, 1997

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury causes several metabolic processes that can exacerbate the injury.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether hypothermia may limit some of these harmful metabolic responses.

METHODS In a randomized, controlled trial, we compared the effects of moderate hypothermia and normothermia in 82 patients with severe closed head injuries (a score of 3 to 7 on the Glasgow Coma Scale). The patients assigned to hypothermia were cooled to 33°C a mean of 10 hours after injury, kept at 32 to 33°C for 24 hours, and then rewarmed. A specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation evaluated the patients 3, 6, and 12 months later with the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale.

RESULTS At 12 months, 62 percent of the patients in the hypothermia group and 38 percent of those in the normothermia group had good outcomes (moderate, mild, or no disabilities). Hypothermia did not improve the outcomes in the patients with coma scores of 3 or 4 on admission. Among the patients with scores of 5 to 7,

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hypothermia was associated with significantly improved outcomes at 3 and 6 months, although not at 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS Treatment with moderate hypothermia for 24 hours in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and coma scores of 5 to 7 on admission hastened neurologic recovery and may have improved the outcome.

hypothermia – искусственное понижение температуры тела с лечебными целями

normothermia – нормотермия (температура окружающей среды, не вызывающая повышение или угнетение активности клеток организма)

Glasgow Coma Scale – Hшкала комы Глазго

assign – направлятьH

limit – ограничиватьH H, лимитироватьH

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Микро-	ЗАНЯТИЕ
биология	8

Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в рефератах:

1.antibody titer

2.aspiration pneumonia

3.bacteremia

4.bacterial counts

5.beneficial

6.benefit

7.blood culture

8.coexistent

9.chest radiograph (Syn. X-ray fim)

10.colony-forming unit

11.consolidation

12.contamination rate

13.contaminate

14.enhance

15.focal lobar consolidation

16.HIV seropositivity

17.humoral immunity

18.immune related disease

19.immune response

20.isolate

21.multicentric disease

22.multifocal and focal

титр антител аспирационная пневмония

бактериемия (наличие бактерий в циркулирующей крови)

определение количества бактерий благотворный, полезный

польза, благо; извлекать пользу, выгоду

гемокультура

сосуществующий

рентгеновский снимок грудной клетки

колониеобразующаяH единица

консолидацияH ,H уплотнение загрязненность загрязнять, инфицировать, заражать увеличивать, усиливать

очаговое лобарное уплотнение серопозитивнаяH реакцияH на ВИЧ гуморальныйH иммунитет иммуноH -обусловленное заболевание иммуннаяH реакция,H Hиммунный ответ

изолят, штамм, HкультураH (микрофлоры)

многоочаговаяH болезньH

картина многоочаговой и очаговой

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bronchopneumonia pattern	бронхопневмонии
23. nosocomial	госпитальныйH		,H внутрибольничныйH			,H
	нозокомиальныйH			H (об инфекции)
24. radiographic appearance	рентгенологическоеH				изображение
25. radiographic pattern	рентгенологическаяH				картина
26. sputum cultures	посевH	мокроты
27. strain	штамм

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов.

1.Yogurt4B provides beneficial cultures that aid (способствуют) in digestion and provides an excellent source of calcium.

2.Yogurt may be the ultimate (идеальный) health food by enhancing the immune response in those who eat it regularly.

3.Many of the studies produce compelling evidence (убедительные доказательства) that yogurt improves resistance to immune related disease.

4.The subjects who consumed (употребляли в пищу) the yogurt bacteria benefited by a significantly enhanced immune response.

5.These improvements are likely to provide significant health benefits to those who eat yogurt with active cultures regularly.

6.All bacterial counts were determined using a modified glove-juice sampling procedure (метод забора образцов для бактериологического исследования).

7.The difference was determined between the amounts of bacteria on hands artificially contaminated with the bacterium Micrococcus luteus before washing with a nonantibacterial soap and after drying by 4 different methods.

8.No statistically significant differences were noted in the numbers of colonyforming units for each method.

9.The objective of this study was to determine the contamination rate of the healthcare workers' (HCWs') (работники здравоохранения) mobile phones and hands in operating room.

10.The gram negative strains were isolated from mobile phones of 31.3% subjects.

11.Distributions of the isolated microorganisms from mobile phones were similar to hands isolates.

12.Mobile phones used by HCWs in daily practice may be a source of nosocomial infections in hospitals.

13.Our purpose was to determine whether bacteremia or HIV status affects the radiographic appearance.

14.Patients less than 16 years old and those with nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, or coexistent lung disease were excluded (исключены).

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15.105 patients had positive findings for Streptococcus pneumoniae from sputum or blood cultures.

16.Among all the patients, focal lobar consolidation was the most common pattern, observed in 48%.

17.The radiographic pattern and incidence of multicentric disease were not affected by HIV seropositivity.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Передайте их содержание на русском языке по схеме.

а5B ) YOGURT WITH ACTIVE BACTERIAL CULTURES IS THE ORIGINAL

HEALTH FOOD

K. Arunachalam, H. S. Gill, R. K. Chandra

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2000. Volume 54, No. 3, pp. 263-267

BACKGROUND. Yogurt provides beneficial cultures that aid in digestion and provides an excellent source of calcium. Yogurt may, in fact, be the ultimate health food by enhancing the immune response in those who eat it regularly. A recent review of the researches on the immunological effects of yogurt with active cultures showed that many of the studies produce compelling evidence that yogurt improves resistance to immune related disease.

AIM We investigated whether active yogurt bacteria significantly improve human immunity.

METHOD The present study followed 25 healthy, elderly human volunteers in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Volunteers were given either milk or milk with active yogurt bacteria (Bifidobacterium lactis) for six weeks.

RESULTS. Immune response variables were then measured and the subjects who consumed the yogurt bacteria benefited by a significantly enhanced immune response as compared to controls.

CONCLUSION Based on the findings we concluded that these considerable improvements are likely to provide significant health benefits to those who eat yogurt with active cultures regularly.

Bifidobacterium lactis – бифидобактерии лактис

as compared to – по сравнению с

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b) EFFECTS OF 4 HAND-DRYING METHODS FOR REMOVING BACTERIA FROM WASHED HANDS: A RANDOMIZED TRIAL

DH . R . Gustafson,H HE. A. Vetter,H HD. R. Larson Clinic Proceedings, 2000, Vol. 75, No. 7, pp. 705-708

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of 4 different drying methods to remove bacteria from washed hands.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred adult volunteers participated in this randomized prospective study. All bacterial counts were determined using a modified glove-juice sampling procedure. The difference was determined between the amounts of bacteria on hands artificially contaminated with the bacterium Micrococcus luteus before washing with a nonantibacterial soap and after drying by 4 different methods (cloth towels, paper towels, warm forced air from a mechanical hand-activated dryer, and spontaneous room air evaporation). The results were analyzed using a nonparametric analysis (the Friedman test). By this method, changes in bacterial colony-forming unit values for each drying method were ranked for each subject.

RESULTS The results for 99 subjects were evaluable. No statistically significant differences were noted in the numbers of colony-forming units for each drying method.

CONCLUSION These data demonstrate no statistically significant differences in the efficiency of 4 different hand-drying methods for removing bacteria from washed hands.

drying – сушка

nonantibacterial soap – небактерицидноеH мыло

cloth towel – тканевое полотенце

hand-activated dryer – ручная сушилка

nonparametric analysis – непараметрический анализ

rank – ранжировать

c)ARE WE AWARE HOW CONTAMINATED OUR MOBILE PHONES

WITH NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS ARE?

Fatma Ulger, Saban Esen, Ahmet Dilek, Keramettin Yanik et al Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 2009, Vol. 8, No. 7

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the contamination rate of the healthcare workers' (HCWs') mobile phones and hands in operating room. Microorganisms from HCWs' hands could be transferred to the surfaces of the mobile phones during their use.

46

METHODS 200 HCWs were screened; samples from the hands of 200 participants and 200 mobile phones were cultured.

RESULTS In total, 94.5% of phones demonstrated evidence of bacterial contamination with different types of bacteria. The gram negative strains were isolated from mobile phones of 31.3% and the ceftazidime resistant strains from the hands were 39.5%. S. aureus strains isolated from mobile phones of 52% and those strains isolated from hands of 37.7% were methicillin resistant. Distributions of the isolated microorganisms from mobile phones were similar to hands isolates. Some mobile phones were contaminated with nosocomial important pathogens.

CONCLUSION These results showed that HCWs' hands and their mobile phones were contaminated with various types of microorganisms. Mobile phones used by HCWs in daily practice may be a source of nosocomial infections in hospitals.

to transfer – пeреносить

distribution – распределение, распространение

d) EFFECTS OF BACTEREMIA AND HIV SEROPOSITIVITY ON RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE

Rosita M. Shah

American Journal of Roentgenology, 2000

OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to establish the incidence of lobar versus bronchopneumonia patterns in patients hospitalized for pneumococcal pneumonia and to determine whether bacteremia or HIV status affects the radiographic appearance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS 81 patients with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia and positive findings on admission chest radiographs were selected from a group of 105 patients with positive findings for Streptococcus pneumoniae from sputum or blood cultures. Patients less than 16 years old and those with nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, or coexistent lung disease were excluded.

RESULTS 59 (73%) of the 81 patients were bacteremic and 20 (25%) of the 81 patients were HIV-positive, including 14 patients (17%) who were both bacteremic and HIV-positive. Focal lobar consolidation was the most common pattern, observed in 48% patients. Multifocal lobar consolidation was the next most frequent pattern, occurring in 33%. Multifocal and focal bronchopneumonia patterns were seen in 16% and 2% of the patients, respectively. CONCLUSION Lobar consolidation, involving single or multiple lobes, is the most common radiographic pattern of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. The pattern of consolidation is not influenced by bacteremia or HIV status.

involve – поражать

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Экскреторные	ЗАНЯТИЕ
органы	9

Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в рефератах:

1.	Cochrane Central Register of	Кокрановский, или Кохрановский,
	Controlled Trials	центральный регистр контролируемых
		исследований
2.	diuresis	диурез 1. образование и выделение мочи
		2. количество мочи, выводимой из
		организма за определённое время )
3.	encopresis	недержание кала, энкопрез
4.	end-stage renal disease	терминальнаяH		стадия почечной
		недостаточности;H абсолютнаяH				почечная
		недостаточность
5.	frequency	частота
6.	glomerular filtration rate	скорость клубочковой фильтрации
7.	inhibition	ингибирование, угнетение, торможение
8.	match	согласовывать
9.	MEDLINE	МедлайнH	H (Американская национальная
		библиотека медицинской литературы)
10.nocturia		никтурия (2/3 суточного
		мочеиспускания выделяется в ночное
		время)
11.quality-of-life scores		показатели качества жизни
12.reference list		рекомендательныйH			список,H
		библиография
13.relevant studies		релевантные (значимые) исследования
14.renal perfusion		почечная перфузия
15.renal vascular resistance		почечное сосудистое сопротивление
16.survival rate		коэффициент выживаемости,
		выживаемость
17.susceptible		чувствительный
18.undergo (underwent, undergone)		подвергаться (операции, обследованию)

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19.urinary incontinence	непроизвольное мочеиспускание,
	недержание мочи, энурез
20.urinary retention	задержка мочи
21.urinary urgency	неотложныйH	позыв к мочеиспусканию

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов.

1.We searched reference lists of review articles and relevant studies.

2.The effectiveness of cranberry products in preventing urinary tract infections was assessed in susceptible populations.

3.We assessed the vital status and the risk of end-stage renal disease in 3698 kidney donors who donated kidneys.

4.The survival of kidney donors was similar to that of controls who were matched for age, sex, and race or ethnic group.

5.In all patients, picotamide treatment was associated with an increase in diuresis.

6.Inhibition of thromboxane A2 improves kidney function and beneficially affects indexes of cardiac performance (функции).

7.The frequency of urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection in children with chronic constipation was evaluated.

8.Lower urinary tract symptoms were urinary urgency and nocturia.

9.Further properly designed studies with relevant outcomes are needed.

10.Compared with placebo, effective renal plasma flow and the glomerular filtration rate increased.

11.These results indicate that renal thromboxane formation plays an important role in renal vascular resistance in patients with severe heart failure.

12.A total of 576 children underwent randomization.

13.Most donors had quality-of-life scores that were better than population norms.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Передайте их содержание на русском языке по схеме.

a) CRANBERRIES FOR PREVENTING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

Ruth G. Jepson, Jonathan C. Craig

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1.

BACKGROUND Cranberries have been used widely for several decades for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

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OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of cranberry products in preventing UTIs in susceptible populations.

DESIGN A bibliographic search.

METHODS We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and reference lists of review articles and relevant studies. Information was collected on methods, participants, interventions and outcomes.

MAIN RESULTS Ten studies were included. Cranberry/cranberry-lingonberry juice versus placebo, juice or water was evaluated in seven studies, and cranberries tablets versus placebo in four studies. Cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of UTIs at 12 months compared with placebo/control. Cranberry products were more effective reducing the incidence of UTIs in women with recurrent UTIs, than in elderly men and women or people requiring catheterization. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence that cranberry juice may decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12 month period, particularly for women with recurrent UTIs. It's effectiveness for other groups is less certain. Further properly designed studies with relevant outcomes are needed.

lingonberry – брусника

b)LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF KIDNEY DONATION

Robert Foley, Robert F. Bailey, et al

New Engand Journal of Medicine, January 29

BACKGROUND The overall evidence suggests that living kidney donors have survival rate similar to that of nondonors and that their risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is not increased.

OBJECTIVES To assess the survival rate and the risk of ESRD in kidney donors during a long follow-up period.

DESIGN A controlled cohort study.

METHODS We assessed the lifetime risk of ESRD in 3698 kidney donors who donated kidneys during the period from 1963 through 2007, we also assessed the prevalence of hypertension, general health status, and quality of life in 255 donors. RESULTS The survival of kidney donors was similar to that of controls who were matched for age, sex, and race or ethnic group. ESRD developed in 11 donors, a rate of 180 cases per million persons per year, as compared with a rate of 268 per million per year in the general population. At a mean of 12.2 years after donation, 32.1% of the subgroup of 255 donors had had hypertension. Most donors had quality-of-life scores that were better than population norms.

CONCLUSIONS Survival and the risk of ESRD in carefully screened kidney donors appear to be similar to those in the general population. Most donors who were studied had an excellent quality of life.

lifetime risk – прижизненный риск

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