Chapter 6 Numbers
int x = 5;
x += 5; // x is 10
You can think of the second line as “assign x the value of x + 5.” In addition to +=, there is also -=, *=, /=, and %=.
To get the absolute value of an int, you use a function instead of an operator. The function is abs(). If you want the absolute value of a long, use labs(). Both functions are declared in stdlib.h:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main (int argc, const char * argv[])
{
printf("3 * 3 + 5 * 2 = %d\n", 3 * 3 + 5 * 2);
printf("11 / 3 = %d remainder of %d \n", 11 / 3, 11 % 3); printf("11 / 3.0 = %f\n", 11 / (float)3);
printf("The absolute value of -5 is %d\n", abs(-5));
return 0;
}
Floating-point numbers
If you need a number with a decimal point, like 3.2, you use a floating-point number. Most programmers think of a floating-point number as a mantissa multiplied by 10 to an integer exponent. For example, 345.32 is thought of as 3.4532 x 102. And this is essentially how they are stored: a 32-bit floating number has 8 bits dedicated to holding the exponent (a signed integer) and 23 bits dedicated to holding the mantissa with the remaining 1 bit used to hold the sign.
Like integers, floating-point numbers come in several sizes. Unlike integers, floating-point numbers are always signed:
float g; |
// 32-bits |
|
double h; |
// |
64-bits |
long double i; // |
128-bits |
|
Tokens for displaying floating-point numbers
printf() can also display floating point numbers, most commonly using the tokens %f and %e. In main.c, replace the integer-related code:
int main (int argc, const char * argv[])
{
double y = 12345.6789; printf("y is %f\n", y); printf("y is %e\n", y);
return 0;
}
When you build and run it, you should see:
y is 12345.678900 y is 1.234568e+04
So %f uses normal decimal notation, and %e uses scientific notation.
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7
Loops
In Xcode, create yet another new project: a C Command Line Tool named Coolness.
The first program I ever wrote printed the words, “Aaron is Cool”. (I was 10 at the time.) Write that program now:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); return 0;
}
Build and run the program.
Let’s suppose for a moment that you could make my 10-year-old self feel more confident if the program printed the affirmation a dozen times. How would you do that?
Here’s the dumb way:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); printf("Aaron is Cool\n"); return 0;
}
The smart way is to create a loop.
The while loop
The first loop we’ll use is a while loop. The while construct works something like the if construct we discussed in Chapter 4. You give it an expression and a block of code contained by curly braces. In the
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