- •Combined Language Skills Practice: a Handbook for Medical Students
- •Contents
- •Chapter I. Reading comprehension
- •Text 1. Exercise - a key to fitness
- •Text 2. Meningitis
- •Text 3. Living a long life
- •Text 5. What Is Bronchitis?
- •Text 6. Blood
- •Text 7. Mouth and Teeth
- •Text 8. How fluoride works
- •Chapter II. Use of english
- •1. Lexical Cloze Tasks
- •Oral cancer – risk factors
- •Old age and the brain
- •Oral hygiene
- •Wild treatments
- •2. Multiple Choice Tasks
- •Pneumonia
- •A Headache Martyr
- •What Is Appendicitis?
- •3. Word Formation Tasks
- •Respiratory System
- •Functions
- •Human Physiology
- •Dreaming
- •Malaria
- •Chapter III. Grammar
- •1. Grammar of Tenses and Verb Forms
- •An Anatomy Class
- •A Dental Clinic
- •Human Anatomy
- •The Development of Dentistry
- •E. Open the brackets using the correct verb form Why Do I Need to Wash My Hands?
- •Emotion Location
- •Your Ribs
- •Taking Care of Bones
- •I. Open the brackets using the correct verb form How Bones Grow
- •A Case Study
- •2. Grammar Tests
- •1 Underline the correct form of the verbs
- •2 Complete the conversation using the Present Simple or the Present Continuous. Use short forms (for example 'm, 're, 's, don't, etc.)
- •3 Write the questions to these answers
- •4. Read the case study and write answers in the same tense as the questions
- •1 Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences
- •2 Correct the mistakes in the sentences
- •3 Complete the text with the connectors below
- •1 Reorder the words to write sentences
- •2 Complete this gp's referral letter with the Past Simple or the Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets
- •3 Write the answers Mr Nesbitt would give to these questions
- •1 Write the comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives
- •2 Read each sentence. If it is correct, write a tick (/). If there is a mistake, correct it
- •3 Complete these sentences with the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in exercise 1
- •1 Complete the questions
- •3 Complete the questions in the dialogue
- •1 Match the beginnings and ends of these sentences
- •3 Use these verbs with will, won't, or shall to complete the sentences. Use short form
- •1 Read each sentence. If it is correct, write a tick (). If there is a mistake, correct it
- •2 Complete the sentences with should / shouldn't and one of the verbs below
- •3 Write two pieces of advice for each of these problems. They can be negative or positive
- •1 Choose the correct expression to complete the sentences
- •2 Complete the answers to the questions using the information in brackets
- •1 Underline the correct form of the verb in each sentence
- •2 Match the beginnings and endings of these Zero Conditional sentences, and complete them with the verbs below in the correct form
- •3 Complete these First and Zero Conditional sentences with the verbs given in the correct form. They are not always given in the correct order
- •1 Read each sentence. If it is correct, tick (). If there is a mistake, correct it
- •2 Complete the sentences by choosing a, b, or с
- •3 Complete these sentences using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets
- •1 Reorder the words to write sentences
- •2 Underline the word or phrase that completes the sentence
- •3 Read each sentence. If it is correct, write a tick (). If there is a mistake, correct it
- •1 Put the words in the correct order
- •2 Complete the sentences
- •3 Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense using a future form
- •1 Underline the correct form of the verb in these sentences
- •2 Read each sentence. If it is correct, write a tick (). If there is a mistake, correct it
- •3 Use the Past Simple or the Present Perfect to complete the conversation between a nurse and a patient.
- •1 Complete the sentences using the Present Passive. Use short forms
- •2 Rewrite these Active sentences using the Past Passive
- •3 Complete the case history with the words below, using the Present or Past Passive or Active forms of the verbs below. Some verbs can be used more than once
- •1 Correct the mistake in each sentence
- •3 Complete the text using the Present Continuous or be going to form of the verbs in brackets. Use short forms
- •1 Reorder the words to write sentences. Add commas and full stops where necessary
- •2 Complete the sentences using the words below
- •3 Complete these sentences to describe your use or opinion of alternative medicine. In each sentence, use one of the words below.
- •1 Match the beginnings and ends of the sentences
- •2 Complete the text with used to,(be) used to, or (get) used to in the correct form. Nursing since the 1950s
- •3 Complete the sentences with get or got used to /used to/use to/didn't use to and the verbs below
- •Chapter IV. Listening comprehension
- •Part 1 Mr Gumley
- •Part 2 Mrs Emma Sharp
- •Part 3 Miss Grace Donaldson
- •Part 4 Mr Pritt
- •Part 5 Barry Scott
- •Part 6 Mrs Mary Lock
- •References
Text 8. How fluoride works
Fluoride is a natural element that can be found in many things, like the water we drink and the food we eat. Decades ago, scientists began to notice that children who lived in places where fluoride occurred naturally in the water, had fewer dental cavities.
Fluoride which is absorbed by your body is used by the cells that build your teeth to make stronger enamel. Topical fluoride - fluoride that is applied to the outside of the enamel - makes the crystals that form enamel more durable. Tooth enamel crystals that have fluoride are much more resistant to acid. They are less likely to breakdown and cause the tooth surface to become porous.
If your dentist recommends a fluoride treatment during your next dental visit, you'll be receiving topical protection. The fluoride your dentist puts in your mouth will help make the crystals in your tooth enamel stronger. Always use a toothpaste with fluoride.
Brushing your teeth is one of the most effective ways of keeping your teeth healthy Contrary to what you might think, a gentle brushing with a soft-bristle toothbrush is just as effective (and less damaging!) than a vigorous scrubbing with a stiff-bristle toothbrush
Write down the letter of the paragraph which
mentions scientists’ discovery of the connection between fluoride and dental cavities |
1 _____ |
describes the effect fluoride produces on enamel |
2 _____ |
advises what toothbrush to use |
3 _____ |
tells about location of fluoride |
4 _____ |
describes fluoride treatment your dentist uses |
5 _____ |
Decide whether the statements are true or false and put (T) or (F) next to the statement
Children who don’t get enough fluoride might have more dental cavities. |
6 _____ |
Fluoride influences the crystals of the enamel making it stronger. |
7 _____ |
It is very easy for acid to break tooth enamel crystal with a lot of fluoride. |
8 _____ |
Gentle brushing with a soft-bristle toothbrush is no less effective than brushing with a stiff-bristle toothbrush. |
9 _____ |
Dentists often recommend a fluoride treatment to their patients. |
10 _____ |
Chapter II. Use of english
1. Lexical Cloze Tasks
a. Complete the following article by filling in one missing word in each space
Oral cancer – risk factors
75% of those diagnosed with oral cancer 1 _____ smokers. When 2 ______ smoker also drinks, the risks are even higher. In fact, people who both smoke 3 _____ drink are up to 15 times more likely to develop oral cancer than those who 4_____. If you add bad oral hygiene 5____ smoking and alcohol, then the risks are even greater.
One might think that once the patient has 6 _____ diagnosed with oral cancer, it’s too late to stop smoking and drinking. However, one of the characteristics 7 _____ oral cancer is that there is a tendency to develop a second primary oral cancer.
Approximately 15% of patients, who continue 8 _____ smoke and abuse alcohol after the first cancer is treated, go on to develop another oral cancer within five years. This increases to as high as 40% after five years. Moreover, patients 9 _____ smoke have a lower response to radiation therapy and their survival rate is lower. It is therefore imperative that the patients change 10 _____ lifestyle immediately.
b. Complete the following article by filling in one missing word in each space
PAIN
Pain is a vital part of our body’s defences, and 1 _____ it we could not survive.
Pain warns us what things 2 _____ dangerous, and so helps us avoid damage to our body. If the body is already damaged, pain helps with healing because 3 _____ makes us protect our injuries. Some babies are born with a rare condition that makes them unable to 4_____ pain. They do 5 _____ learn the lessons that pain teaches, and as a result suffer many fractures and infections.
Pain happens when nerve endings in our skin and our internal 6 _____ send messages through the central 7 _____ system to our brain. The brain itself 8 _____ feel pain.
There are two types of pain – acute pain, which lasts a short time and 9 _____ removed when the cause is cured, and chronic pain, which can last a lifetime and cannot usually be treated. Chronic pain must 10 _____ managed using drugs or other methods.
c. Complete the following article by filling in one missing word in each space