Раздел 7 Инфинитив (The Infinitive)

7.1 Инфинитив в функции подлежащего,

именной части сказуемого и дополнения.

Упражнение 31

А. Найдите в предложениях инфинитив, который мо­жет выполнять функции подлежащего, дополнения или именной части сказуемого.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Many viruses begin to invade cells and multiply near their site of entry.

2. Cartilage is a tough yet flexible tissue which has to resist stresses and strains.

3. The primary function of the central nervous system is to regulate the functi­ oning of the organism.

4. To describe the action of nerve as integrative is, although true, hardly sufficient for a definition.

5. Another way in which a catalyst may work is to supply a surface on which a certain reaction can take place very easily.

6. Scientists have been trying to perfect drugs capable of repairing the damage due to the disease.

7. Shortage of water in the body begins to cause obvious changes when the water is reduced by about 10 per cent.

8. The aim of the publication is to present up-to-date views on the fundamental concepts which dominate modern biology.

9. Lung tissue is elastic and in life is in a stretched state, so its normal tendency is to contract.

10. New solutions to this problem are beginning to appear.

11. The specific function of the nephron is to remove from the blood plasma certain end products of metabolism.

12. Preventive medicine aims to educate people about how diet, exercise, smoking, or drugs can affect their health.

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7.2 Сложное подлежащее

Упражнение 32

А. Найдите в предложениях конструкцию "Сложное подлежащее". Она состоит из двух частей:

1. существительного в общем падеже или место­ имения в именительном падеже,

2. инфинитива в активной или пассивной форме.

Между двумя частями сложного подлежащего на­ходится сказуемое предложения, которое может быть выражено, например, глаголами физическо­го и умственного восприятия в страдательном за­логе.

Пример: Viruses are knownto cause certain diseases.
(1-ая часть (сказуем.) сложного подлежащего)	(2-ая часть сложного подлежащего)

Б. На русский язык такие предложения переводятся, начиная со сказуемого, неопределённо-личными предложениями или вводными словами, при этом 1-я часть сложного подлежащего становится под­лежащим, а инфинитив (2-я часть) - сказуемым русского предложения.

Например:

Viruses are known to cause certain diseases.

Известно, что вирусы вызывают определённые за­болевания.

или

Вирусы, как известно, вызывают определённые заболевания.

В. Переведите предложения.

1. Diabetes is known to have existed from very ancient times, it is found to have affected the Egyptians some 3000 years ago.

2. Many degenerative disorders of aging, e.g. arthritis, are thought to be disorders of the immune system.

3. The high levels of sugar in the blood are thought to cause the eye and kidney damage.

4. The stomach is believed to be independent of the central nervous system.

5. The pituitary has been called the "master gland" because it is believed to be the endocrinological center of the body.

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6. Calcitonin is the hormone produced by the thyroid gland, which is believed to regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

7. Vitamin D is not considered to affect parathyroid activity.

8. Formerly, blood platelets were not considered to be real cells but were believed to be dead fragments of cytoplasm derived from certain cells of bone marrow.

9. Essentially, hemostasis can be considered to involve three mechanisms: agglutination of platelets, constriction of blood vessels and formation of the blood clot.

10. Children without spleens are said to develop less immunity to infection than they should.

11. Erythrocytes, when examined under the microscope, are seen to be circular disks, biconcave in profile.

12. More and more diseases are being found to be caused by smoking.

13. Many diseases have been shown to be caused by microorganisms.

14. Among the 21 mineral elements which have been reported to have been found in the human body there are at least 14 which are now recognized as doubtless essential.