Упражнение 45

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными дополнительными. Опираясь на схему, приведённую ниже, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях.

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

	главное предложение N V	дополнение
	(СОЮЗ+)
		придаточное предложение n v

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Many experts agree that sleeping pills do not help and may add dependence and addiction to the problems of insomnia.

2. Doctors say that women are far more likely than man to experience sleep dis­ turbances of all kinds.

3. Experts can't decide if caffeine is truly addictive or not.

4. Many studies indicate that excessive cholesterol levels in the blood can clog arteries and predispose to heart attacks and strokes.

5. Bright [brait] (1789— 1858), a distinguished English physician, demonstrated that the presence of albumin in the urine indicated kidney disease.

6. In 1885, Pasteur [pa:s'te:] announced to the French Academy of Sciences that he had developed a vaccine for prevention of rabies.

7. The consistency of food in the mouth determines whether the glands secrete a copious watery saliva for dry material or a scanty saliva for moist food.

8. Evidence shows that the activities of the various tissues of the body are controlled not merely by the action of the nervous system but also by certain chemical substances elaborated by endocrine glands.

9. Medical research has shown that a diet low in saturated fats and high in fibre contributes to good health and can reduce the risk of certain serious illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease.

10. The pumping action of the heart refers to how hard the heart pumps the blood, how much blood it pumps, how efficiently it does the job.

11. Allergic symptoms depend entirely on where in the body the immune system is provoked.

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12. Since the discovery of the structure of DNA (1953) work on nucleic acids has explained how genes determine all life processes by directing the synthesis of all cell proteins.

13. Oncologists recognize that environmental, hereditary, and biological factors play an important role in the development of cancer.

14. Darwin's theory describes how different species of animals and plants have changed over hundreds of thousands of years.

15. The pumping action of the heart refers to how hard the heart pumps the blood, how much blood it pumps, how efficiently it does the job.

9.4 Придаточные определительные предложения

Упражнение 46

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными определительными. Опираясь на схему, приведённую ниже, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях и укажите определяемое слово, к которому относит­ся придаточное предложение (определяемое сло­во в главном предложении может употребляться в функции: подлежащего, именной части сказуемо­го, дополнения, обстоятельства).

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

	главное предложение N определение V
	союз +	придаточное предложение n v

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Bones form the framework upon which the rest of the body is built up.

2. A lung is one of a pair of organs in the chest of vertebrate animals by which they breathe.

3. Erythrocytes have a life span of 3-4 weeks after which they are broken down in the spleen and bone marrow.

4. The velocity at which the blood flows varies in different parts of its course.

5. Alimentary canal is the passage along which the food passes, in which it is digested, and from which it is absorbed by lymphatics and blood vessels into the circulation.

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6. Many cases of severe acidosis can be prevented by careful monitoring of patients whose primary illness predisposes them to respiratory problems or metabolic derangements.

7. The central nervous system is the means by which our various bodily activities are co-ordinated and by which we respond to changes in our environment.

6. Vegetarian diet is one in which no meat is eaten.

6. The vertebrae support the body and provide the protective bony corridor through which the spinal cord passes.

10. The rate at which many glands produce hormones is influenced by other hormones especially those secreted by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

11. The most interesting features of Japanese medicine are the extent to which it was derivative and the rapidity with which it became westernized and scientific.

12. Jaundice may be caused by the production of bile pigment in excess of the amount which the liver can excrete, or may result from liver damage.

Упражнение 47

А. Проанализируйте структуру сложно-подчинённых предложений с придаточными определительными. Опираясь на схему, приведённую ниже, найдите ядро в главном и придаточном предложениях и ука­жите определяемое слово. Особенностью таких предложений является то, что союз, присоединяю­щий придаточное предложение к главному, явля­ется подлежащим придаточного предложения.

Сложно-подчинённое предложение

	главное предложение N < определение V
	к
		придаточное предложение n v (союз/союзное слово в функции подлежащего)

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Any particle that enters the eye may carry germs that can produce an infection leading to blindness.

2. Practically all of the numerous and complex biochemical reactions that take piece in animals, plants, and microorganisms are regulated by enzyme.

3. The human body is made up of millions of cells that reguire nutrients and energy, and which grow, multiply, and die.

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4. Plasma is often used to give transfusions to persons who have lost a large quantity of blood from severe hemorrhage in order to restore blood volume quickly.

5. On its way through the nasal passages, the cold air from outside is preheated by a large supply of blood, which gives off warmth through the thin mucous membranes that lines the respiratory tract.

6. Platelets are disklike structures that develop from cells produced in the marrow. They release substances that start the process of blood clotting.

7. Bile's digestive properties result from bile salts, which are manufactured by the liver from a fatty substance called cholesterol. Bile salts break up globes of fat into tiny particles that digestive enzymes in the small intestine can attack.

8. Nutrition may be defined as a science which deals with the food materials which the living organisms take in and the processes through which these materials maintain life and sustain all the activities of the organism.

9. The factors that are of the greatest importance in determining the amount of sweat which is produced are the level of the external temperature and the amount of muscular activity that is taking place in the body.

10. The many important discoveries in human anatomy and physiology, infectious and other diseases, drugs, and the therapeutic procedures that took place during the 19th and 20th centuries have had a direct bearing on the important develop­ments that occured in the field of public health.