Упражнение 51

А. Проанализируйте сложно-подчинённые предложе­ния с придаточными условия. Используя таблицу на стр. 79, определите форму глагола-сказуемого в главном и придаточном предложениях и укажи­те, какое условие (реальное или нереальное) опи­сано в предложениях.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. If blood flow is cut off from any organ, that organ cannot obtain oxygen, it has no nutrient and the cells of the organ die.

2. Many cancers can be cured by surgical removal if they are detected early, before there has been spread of significant numbers of tumour cells to distant sites.

3. If a person eats an adequate, varied diet of meats, fish, vegetables, and dairy products he will receive enough vitamins to meet his usual requirements.

4. If the body absorbs enough potassium but the element is not distributed properly, various disorders may develop.

5. If the central nervous system is damaged, paralysis frequently affects the move­ ment of a limb as a whole, not the individual muscle.

6. If the normal pacemaker(the sinoatrial node) fails to function, its regulating task may be taken over by another small mass of special muscular tissue, the atrioventricular node.

7. Benign tumours do not endanger life unless they interfere with normal functions of other organs or affect a vital organ.

8. In most cases polyps cause no symptoms unless they become large enough to obstruct the intestine or become ulcerated so that they bleed.

9. If cancer is suspected, a small piece of tissue may be cut from the diseased part and examined in the laboratory to see if cancerous cells are present.

10. Unless the salts are present in proper amount and in proper proportion, metabolism is impossible.

11. If both kidneys are affected, death will occur within a few days unless medical assistance is provided.

12. Unless growth of bacteria is prevented or stopped, serious infection can take place.

13. If too much water has been lost from the blood, the hypothalamus stops the kidneys from excreting water.

14. If the tumour is near the surface this may result in skin ulceration and infection.

15. If acute gout is recognized at an early stage and treated correctly, the develop­ ment of the chronic form can generally be prevented.

16. If the liver is diseased, or if the flow of bile is obstructed, or if destruction of erythrocytes is excessive, the bilirubin accumulates in the blood and eventually will produce jaundice.

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Упражнение 52

А. Проанализируйте сложно-подчинённые предложе­ния с придаточными условия. Используя таблицу на стр. 79, определите форму глагола-сказуемого в главном и придаточном предложениях и укажи­те, какое условие (реальное или нереальное) опи­сано в предложениях.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The skeletons of animals would be too stiff to move if they were not carefully fitted with joints.

2. If the arteries had rigid walls, the heart would have to pump all the blood without their assistance and would work harder than it does.

3. If the small intestine were removed from the body it would be 6.7 m long. In the body, however, it is shortened like a concertina to a mere 2.4 m.

4. If the kidney were not able to concentrate the filtrate produced by glomerular filtration, fluid losses would lead to fatal dehydration in a matter of hours.

5. If there were no way for excess interstitial fluid to return to the blood, the tissues would become swollen.

6. If the cell membrane were freely permeable to sodium ions, more of these positively charged ions would move into the cell and the transmembrane potential would move close to zero.

7. Inflamed surfaces of peritoneum tend to adhere and so to restrict the spread of peritonitis. If this were not so, untreated peritonitis would almost always be fatal within a day or two.

8. Even if 80 to 90 per cent of the small intestine were removed, the remaining part would still provide for sufficient absorption.

9. If the spinal column were indeed a single bone, the back would be rigid and unbending.

10. Skin is the largest organ of the body. If the skin of an adult were spread out flat, it would cover about 1.7 square meter.

11. It is not true that hypnotized persons will do absolutely anything they are asked. Most subjects, for instance, will not respond to any suggestions they would consider immoral or illegal if they were awake.

12. If the sensory nerves were evenly distributed over the whole body, each square inch of skin would have about 50 heat receptors, 8 for cold, 100 for touch and 800 for pain.

13. Large quantities of caffeine are deadly: tea or coffee could kill you, if you managed to drink between 50 and 100 cups in one go.

14. A person would bleed to death from even a small cut if blood did not clot.

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Упражнение 53

А. Проанализируйте структуру предложений и опре­делите форму глагола-сказуемого. Условие в дан­ных предложениях выражено не придаточным пред­ложением, а оборотом с предлогом without. Ука­жите, какому типу условия соответствует форма глагола-сказуемого.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Without anesthesia, doctors could not perform most of the surgical operations.

2. Many discoveries and advances would not have been made without microscope.

3. Without protective antibodies, we could die of the first disease that struck us.

4. Without cholesterol we would surely die — every cell in the body depends on the waxy substance to provide strength and resilience to its outer membrane.

5. Without oxygen the food that all living things take in would be useless to them and they would die.

6. Without the protection provided by the body's natural defences, we might bleed to death from even minor cuts.

7. Without plants, the atmosphere would soon fill up with carbon dioxide, and human beings and the other animals would suffocate.

8. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the cell. Without enzymes, these reactions would occur very slowly, and the cell could not function normally.

9. The human body contains more than 1,000 types of enzymes. Each kind of enzyme performs one specific job. Without enzymes, a person could not breathe, see, digest food, nor move any part of his body.

10. The brain requires a constant, unvarying supply of blood. Without the presence of a special control system consisting of the action of two nerves, one located in the aorta and the other in the carotid artery, this would be impossible to maintain, since every time a person moved or shifted position the quantity of blood flowing to the brain would change.