yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa

Randolph Tejeda

New Jersey (USA)

Questions:

1.Do you sympathize with Randolph?

2.In your opinion, has he done his best trying to find a job?

3.Do you think the difficulties he faces are typical of today’s Russia?

4.Do you agree with the generalizations he makes? Give your reasons.

5.What do you think about his “last choice” and the proposals he makes? What are your suggestions?

☻ Look at the employer’s point of view.

Taking on a new employee is expensive, and a lot more so if he / she is not experienced.

There are heaps of unemployed people looking for “any job” to get their foot in the door. They will be out the door as soon as something better comes along.

There is a good chance the employee will move on before the employer recovers his investment.

An experienced person is less costly to take on, as they will be up-to-speed quickly.

An experienced person has obviously done this type of work before, and is more likely to stay.

Do you agree or disagree with the arguments? Give your reasons.

☻ Translate into English and comment on the following.

«Хороший человек – не профессия.»

/Ильф и Петров/

«Вот лучший совет, который можно дать юношеству: «Найди что-нибудь, что тебе нравится делать, а потом найди кого-нибудь, кто будет тебе за это платить.»

/Кэтрин Уайтхорн/

«Требуются менеджеры не старше 35 лет с сорокалетним опытом работы.»

/Нарочно не придумаешь/

«Ничего не делать – отличное занятие. Но какая огромная конкуренция!»

/Шутка/

☻ Make a short oral presentation on the unemployment situation in Russia as compared with that in Europe. Use the text in Appendix 1, 8 or any other source. Make use of the phrases in Speaking 6, part II.

WRITING 4

WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER

Write a reply to Randolph’s letter to express sympathy and your ideas.

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GRAMMAR

PARTICIPLE

Present participle (Participle I/-ing form)

 Forms

	Active	Passive
Present	doing	being done
Perfect	having done	having been done

Past participle (Participle II/-ed form)

closed, finished, driven, written, etc.

I. Uses of the Present Participle

1.Present participle or past participle after there is / there are

There were very many young people working there, two or three hundred, I should think.

There is a car parked across the road.

Ex. 60. Make up sentences using the words in brackets. Start your sentences with there is / there are.

1.The cafe is still full. (people / sit / on the terrace)

2.You could buy some junk food. (street vendors / sell / hot peanuts, popcorn and cold drinks)

3.We failed to see a football match. (too many people / try to get / into the football stadium)

4.The garden was picturesque. (a small stream / run / at the bottom of the garden)

5.Would anyone like to visit the caves? (people / wish / to visit the caves)

6.The storm was violent. (cars / overturn and trees / uproot)

7.Riot police were called to the scene. (rioters / block the road; shop windows / smash)

8.The earthquake was disastrous. (hundreds of people / kill / injure; a lot of houses / completely destroy)

2. Present participle after have difficulty,

have a hard / difficult time, spend / waste time, energy, money

We spent an entire summer dozing, reading, watching, or painting.

He had difficulty finding the right address.

Ex. 61. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.

1.It was difficult for me to persuade him to let me pay my share of the expenses. I had difficulty ... .

2.I managed to clear the blocked sink but it was difficult. I had difficulty... .

3.She eventually learnt to live without electricity and hot water, but she had a hard time. She had a hard time... .

4.He always bought expensive presents for his girlfriend. They cost him a lot of money. He spent a fortune ... .

5.The government succeeded in putting down the uprising. It took them three weeks. The government spent three weeks ... .

6.A lot of water is wasted if you wash vegetables under running water at the sink. You waste a lot of water ... .

7.Ethan was clinging to him like a limpet and it was difficult for Harry to shake him off. Harry had difficulty ... .

8.It was very hard to transform wasteland into farms and parks. They had a difficult time... .

9.Looking after the kids took up most of her time. She spent most of her time... .

10.The critics debated for a long time whether a woman was able to become a great artist. The critics spent a great deal of time... .

11.In the last years of his life O.Henry roamed the streets of New York, drank heavily and wrote sporadically, but wrote incomparably well. O.Henry spent the last years of his life ... .

12.Most of his life he tried to look mature, capable and responsible. He spent most of his life ... .

 3. Present participle after find, catch, leave

He left the engine running.

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He found the children watching television.

She caught her son setting fire to the curtains.

Ex. 62. Paraphrase the sentences using present participle after find, catch, leave.

1.Larry looked grave and distressed when I saw him.

2.Not many people cycle to work in New York.

3.When she came in, her husband was kissing their young tenant.

4.When we came over she was often busy making linen shirts for her husband.

5.He was unpleasantly surprised when he saw her reading his old love letters.

6.When Tom left she was sitting on the riverbank.

7.You’ll be in a lot of trouble if a policeman stops you and finds out that you are driving without a driver’s license.

8.When he went out she was screaming hysterically.

4. Present participle of the verbs of physical activity after go

Go swimming /hiking / riding / dancing / skiing / sailing / shooting / fishing / shopping / etc.

The word “riding” is used to speak about travelling on a horse or bicycle as well as travelling in a car, bus or train. What do people mean when they say that they go riding?

To go hiking is to go on long walks in the countryside. What do we call a person who goes hiking?

Some people go scuba diving. Do you think this sport is risky? Do you know what “scuba” stands for?

“We went snorkelling along the Great Barrier Reef”, John said. What exactly did John and his friends do?

Americans go spelunking while Britons go potholing. Do they do the same or different things?

 II. Adjectival Participles

Both the present participle (-ing form) and the past participle (-ed form) can be used as adjectives: e.g. frightening news, a frightened man.

Note the difference in the meaning of the two forms: frightening news = the news that frightens you

a frightened man = a man who has been frightened by something

an astonishing success = the success that astonishes someone an astonished person = a person who is astonished

They asked her embarrassing questions. – She felt really embarrassed. Ray was witty and amusing. – He kept Maria amused.

The instructions were very confusing. – I got confused.

1. The most common participles used as adjectives

alarming	comforting	exciting	pleasing
amazing	confusing	fascinating	promising
amusing	depressing	frightening	satisfying
annoying	disturbing	frustrating	shocking
astonishing	disappointing	humiliating	surprising
boring	discouraging	interesting	tiring
charming	embarrassing	irritating	worrying
alarmed	depressed	fascinated	satisfied
amazed	disappointed	frightened	shocked
amused	discouraged	frustrated	surprised
annoyed	distinguished	interested	tired
astonished	embarrassed	irritated	unexpected
bored	excited	pleased	worried

Ex. 63. Make collocations using adjectival participles. Explain the meaning of the collocations.

Model: principle / guide → a guiding principle (an idea which influences you greatly when you consider a matter or take a decision)

scientist / distinguish → a distinguished scientist (a person who is highly respected for his or her achievements in science)

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question / embarrass child / embarrass feature / distinguish artist / distinguish crime / organise committee / organise

job / satisfy customer / satisfy look / please manners / please habit / annoy news / depress

job / challenge class / rule family / extend sight / shock thought / comfort force / drive

Ex. 64. Figure out the meaning of the adjectival participles. The number of letters is given in brackets.

1.	The news that surprises you very much is a...........			. (11)
2.	The dream which fills you with fear is f...........		.	(11)
3.	The weather which is very cold is f.......... .		(8)
4.	The film which fills you with excitement and fear is th..........				. (9)
5.	If the holiday was pleasant and interesting it was e........... .				(8)
6.	The words of sympathy which help you in suffering are c..........				. (10)
7.	A story which seems funny and humorous is a...........			. (7)
8.	The words which comfort you and make you free of fear are r........... .					(10)
9.	Older women often feel e..........	if they are asked their age. (11)
10.	If at the examination you fail to get a mark you hoped for, you feel d...........					.	(12)
11.	A person who shows signs of illness of the mind can be called emotionally d..........						. (9)
12.	If something has strong charm and attraction, it is f........... .				(11)
13.	If the news makes you feel sad and low in spirits, it is d...........				. (10)
14.	If a person is unhappy and doesn’t know what he wants from life, he might be described as c.......... .							(8)
15.	If you feel annoyed and discouraged because you are unable to deal with difficulties you are f..........							. (10)

Ex. 65. Open the brackets using present participle or past participle.

1.The magnificent house was restored by the most (celebrate) architect in England.

2.I couldn’t but admire the (convince) manner in which he spoke.

3.I shall never forget how (humiliate) I was when she said she had started an affair with me out of boredom.

4.Learners get (confuse) because the adjectives are (confuse).

5.It was (surprise) that a creature so sylphlike should be capable of so much power.

6.She was not (interest) in anything very much but her own affairs.

7.I begged Freddy not to put us in such a (humiliate) position.

8.He reminded himself he was no longer a (scare) child but a fully grown man.

9.Alice felt more (alarm) than she cared to admit.

10.It was a cool, calm room with a (soothe) view, the place for an artist to rest and seek inspiration.

11.Thomas was (terrify), it was the most (frighten) film he had ever seen.

12.It is (embarrass) to be caught telling lies.

13.The thought of losing him was really (depress).

14.There is a (bewilder) range of skin products to choose from.

2. Compound participle adjectives

Such compounds can be formed by placing a participle after a noun, adjective or adverb.

Here are some useful participle adjectives:

above-mentioned, badly-behaved, easy-going, good-looking, hand-made, illbred, ill-informed, labour-saving, long-standing, man-made, middle-aged, tight-fitting, time-consuming, remote-controlled, well-paid, well-read, etc.

Ex. 66. Match the words from the three columns to make meaningful collocations. Make up your own sentences using the collocations.

1. hair	– saving	job
hand	– threatening	charges
money	– consuming	dress
labour	– raising	disease
life	– made	devices
time	– laundering	story

2. good	– suffering	TV–set
tight	– going	husband
short	– controlled	jeans
long	– looking	love affair
remote	– fitting	manner
easy	– lived	woman

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3. far	– bred	ham
so	– discovered	point
newly	– reaching	document
above	– sliced	eyes
thinly	– mentioned	friend
deep	– called	consequences
ill	– set	youngster

Ex. 67. Match the compound adjectives 1–9 with the correct definitions A–I.

You often use compound participle adjectives to describe people. In the exercise that follows you will find some useful compound adjectives with “well”.

1.	well-balanced	a. having an attractive body
2.	well-qualified	b. speaking or acting in a way that is generally considered
		to be correct and polite
3.	well-rounded	c. having good training or knowledge of a subject
4.	well-connected	d. having experience in a wide range of ideas and activities
5.	well-bred	e. behaving in a way that is accepted as correct
6.	well-behaved	f. having friends or family members who are important or
		powerful people
7.	well-grounded	g. having suitable experience or formal qualifications
8.	well-spoken	h. calm and reasonable
9.	well-built	i. speaking well, politely, in refined language

When we describe people, the adjective well-grounded means сведущий, хорошо подкованный, e.g.: He is well- grounded in the skills of living in the desert.

When we describe things, the adjective well-grounded is synonymous with well-founded and means обоснованный (based on facts or a good knowledge of things)

We cannot use the word well-founded with reference to people. The adjectives in the exercise which follows describe things.

Ex. 68. Study the following collocations and translate them into Russian.

well-balanced	– diet / ways of eating / meal
well-rounded	– life / education
well-founded (= well-grounded)	– suspicion / charge / statement / accusation /
	fear / faith / fact / suggestion / claim
well-earned	– break / holiday / rest / reputation
well-established	– theme / principles / reputation / business firm
well-built	– house / fortress
well-baked	– idea / plan

Ex. 69. Fill in the missing words from the list.

well-connected well-grounded well-informed well-rounded well-bred

well-founded well-established well-spoken well-qualified well-earned

1.The young players seemed _____ in the rich history of the music they were performing.

2.How _____ is the customer about the range, quality and cost of the products in general?

3.Donald has more than ten years of experience in computer programming behind him, so he is _____ for the job.

4.She describes herself as a “_____” woman who works hard but has a varied social life.

5.His new novel is built on another _____ theme, the emotional complexities of the father-and-son relationship.

6.His suggestions are _____ but it’s too late to change our plans now.

7.There was nothing I could say against such a serious and _____ accusation.

8.They were _____ in the skills needed to live in the desert.

9.She seems very _____, otherwise she wouldn’t have managed to get an invitation to an Embassy dinner.

10.Jaguar has a _____ reputation for producing fine cars.

11.At the end of their walk they stopped off at a nearby hotel for a _____ rest.

12.In 1971 Jane Fonda won a _____ Oscar for the performance in “Klute”.

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13.According to one _____ source, the two sides are very near to reaching an agreement.

14.A television announcer with a _____ voice was reading the news.

15.The two men who called at the house were _____ and had a reassuring manner.

 3. Participle adjectives with a difference in meaning

There are a few participle adjectives which change their lexical meaning according to their position. These are such words as concerned, involved and adopted.

	After Noun / Pronoun	Before Noun
CONCERNED	the people / those / all concerned	a concerned expression
	= the people who have something	on his face = a worried
	to do with the matter	expression
INVOLVED	“the people involved”	an involved explanation
	means the same as “the people con-	= a complicated explana-
	cerned”	tion
ADOPTED	the resolution adopted	an adopted child
	= the resolution approved (passed)	= a child who lives with
	the measures adopted =	the people who are not his
	the measures taken for dealing	biological parents
	with the situation

Ex. 70. Translate into Russian.

1.He was full of gossip and you could trust him to know the details of the latest scandal before anyone but the parties immediately concerned.

2.The thing that makes economic forecasting difficult, if not impossible, is the sheer complexity and variability of the relationships involved.

3.The energy-saving measures adopted by the companies have met with the approval of the trade unions.

4.Concerned parents complained about the dangerous playground.

5.In 1965, Robert B. Woodward, an American chemist, developed techniques for the synthesis of involved organic compounds.

6.The party was excellent, and I’d like to thank all the people concerned.

7.The strategy adopted made them think that the war was going splendidly.

8.Cars drive too fast past the school and concerned teachers have complained to the police.

9.The matter was immensely serious for all the parties concerned.

10.The parents of an adopted child legally raise him or her as their own child. When a couple foster a child, they take care of him or her for a limited time without being his legal parents. The child is a foster son or daughter.

11.The companies involved are keeping a frosty silence.

12.There’s so much red tape involved in getting my work permit.

 III. Participle Phrases (зависимые причастные обороты)

Participle phrases (reduced clauses containing participles) can be used in place of subordinate clauses if the main clause and subordinate clause have the same subject.

	Syntactic	Present	Perfect	Past
	Functions	Participle (-ing)	Participle (-ing)	Participle (-ed)
	of Attribute
	(in place of Relative	+	–	+
	clauses)
	of Attendant
	Circumstances	+	–	+
	(in place of Co-
	ordinate clauses)
	Adverbial	Present	Perfect	Past
	Modifiers	Participle (-ing)	Participle (-ing)	Participle (-ed)
	of Time	+	+	+

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	(when, while)		when, while
of Reason	+	+	+
	+	–	+
of Condition	if, unless		if, unless
	+	–	+
of Concession	(al)though, while		(al)though, while
	+	–	+
of Manner	as if, as though		as if, as though
of Result	+	–	–

Note: Certain participle phrases are always preceded by a conjunction. With some forms, the conjunction is not used; with others its use is optional.

	Participle phrases used without conjunctions
When he entered the room he			Entering the room he greeted the
	greeted the hostess.		hostess.
As I am not an expert, I can’t teach			Not being an expert, I can’t teach
	you how to use a computer.		you how to use a computer.
	Major roads in the UK are in very		Major roads in the UK are in very
	bad repair because they haven’t		bad repair not having been de-
	been designed to carry so much		signed to carry so much traffic.
	traffic.
	As she was encouraged by her		Encouraged by her school report,
	school report, Jane decided to ap-		Jane decided to apply to Cam-
	ply to Cambridge University.		bridge University.
	The route which was taken by the		The route taken by the Queen was
	Queen was lined with crowds of		lined with crowds of people wav-
	people who were waving flags.		ing flags.
	Participle phrases preceded by conjunctions
	He contracted malaria while he was	He contracted malaria while travel-
	travelling in Africa.		ling in Africa.
	When he was asked to explain his	When asked to explain his mistake,
	mistake, the new employee cleared		the new employee cleared his
	his throat nervously.		throat nervously.
	The car was stolen while it was	The car was stolen while parked
	parked round the corner.		round the corner.
	She said nothing unless she was	She said nothing unless spoken to.
	spoken to.
Although he admits his inefficiency,			Although admitting his inefficien-
	he still refuses to cooperate with		cy, he still refuses to cooperate
	us.		with us.
	He watched her movements as if he		He watched her movements as if
	was hypnotized.		hypnotized.
	He kept shaking his head as if he	He kept shaking his head as if say-
	was saying, “Don’t trust her.”		ing, “Don’t trust her.”

1. Participle phrases in place of relative clauses

Relative clauses are inroduced by the relative pronouns who, which, or that. You can replace a relative clause with a participle phrase in which the participle comes immediately after the noun it modifies.

A. Present participle can be used to replace an active verb in the relative clause if the actions described by this verb and the participle happen around the same time. The Present participle can convey:

1.	a progressive meaning
	He gestured towards the box	He gestured towards the box ly-
	which was lying on the table.	ing on the table.
2.	a more general meaning
	The foods which contain protein	The foods containing protein
	are necessary for young bodies.	are necessary for young bodies.

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Her bedroom had large windows	Her bedroom had large win-
which overlooked a lake.	dows overlooking a lake.

Warning: Present participle CANNOT be used if:

you speak about a single, completed action in the relative clause.

вошедшая

The woman who came in was elegantly dressed.

the action in the relative clause took place before the action in the main clause

написавший

We’re still trying to get in touch with the person who wrote the original letter.

посетивший

The man who visited us last week has sent me a birthday gift.

Note that the Russian действительное причастие совершенного вида (вошедший, написавший, посетивший и т.д.) is rendered into English by means of a finite verb.

Мальчик, попавший в аварию, уже выписался из больницы.

The boy who met with an accident has been discharged from hospital.

Дипломат выступил перед студентами, собравшимися в зале. The diplomat addressed the students who had filled the lecture hall.

B.Past participle can be used to replace the passive verb in the relative clause. The Past participle can express:

1.simultaneous action

She knows some of the languages that are spoken in Africa.

2.prior action

She is proud of the jewels which were given to her by her admirers.

She knows some of the languages spoken in Africa.

She is proud of the jewels given to her by her admirers.

C. If the passive verb expresses a continuous action it is possible to replace it with the form being done (Present par-

ticiple passive).
Who is the boy that is being ques-	Who is the boy being questioned by
tioned by the police?	the police?

Ex. 71. Use participle where possible; make up a story using as many participle phrases as possible. A.

a house which comprises 2 bedrooms, a kitchen and a living room; a room which overlooks the ocean;

a stream which runs through the garden; a high wall which encloses the garden; a road which leads to the beach;

the painting which represents the Battle of Waterloo; books which depict life in the last century;

the artworks which date from the 18th century; great wealth which coexists with extreme poverty; diseases which proceed from poverty;

the communities which make up 30 per cent of the population; a file which contains a lot of important documents;

a course which covers all aspects of business and law; foods which contain a lot of fat;

the law which covers tax evasion;

research which involves the use of biological warfare.

B.

the country which emerged from 10 years of corrupt rule / the country which is emerging from 10 years of corrupt rule;

the measures which are being taken at the moment / the measures which have been taken by the government; immigrants who are seeking political asylum / immigrants who sought political asylum;

the guests who attended the ceremony / the guests who are attending the ceremony; the earthquake which hit the area last week / the area which was hit by the earthquake;

a motorcyclist who was badly injured in a collision with a car which was driven by a drunk driver;

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the trials which were held between 1946 and 1958.

Ex. 72. Paraphrase the sentences using participle phrases.

1.He is a brilliant doctor, who is motivated only by the desire to help mankind.

2.Los Angeles is a huge city which was built for the automobile.

3.James has his own car business, his own magnificent showroom, and sixty people who work for him.

4.The fire started when a cigarette ignited the oil which was leaking from the machine which is used to cut timber.

5.In 1762, the Earl of Sandwich invented a snack which consisted of two pieces of bread and a filling in the middle.

6.He has a series of drug convictions that stretch back to 1981.

7.A small path was illuminated by low orange lamps which were concealed in the flower beds.

8.You must not break the rules that are set in this school.

9.The dish which consists mainly of rice and vegetables is not fattening.

10.There were several aprons which hung from a hook behind the kitchen door.

11.Some of the events which are described in the article have shocked our readers.

12.A man who fitted that description was seen leaving the house shortly after the crime was committed.

13.According to the newspaper report there were three gunmen who were involved in the robbery.

14.Hundreds of protesters who were shouting anti-war slogans gathered outside the embassy yesterday.

15.One of the walls which enclose the park is decorated with a large mural which shows Hollywood stars.

Ex. 73. Translate into English using participles where possible.

пациент, которого лечили антибиотиками; книга, описывающая жизнь первых поселенцев; поведение, создавшее много проблем; заказ, аннулированный на прошлой неделе; человек, испытавший много трудностей; заявления, поданные после 25 декабря; кандидат, завоевавший доверие избирателей; картина, изображающая завтрак на траве; продукты, содержащие холестерин (cholesterol); тарелка, висящая на стене; план, одобренный комитетом; законопроект, получивший одобрение Сената (use approval); подросток, сбежавший из домa; услуги, предоставляемые бесплатно; деньги, отложенные на черный день; здание, возводимое в центре города; тропинка, ведущая к озеру; дети, которых вырастили матери-одиночки.

Ex. 74. Open the brackets using the correct form of participle.

1.A pattern of small fields (separate) by hedges and walls, is typical of the English countryside.

2.The amount of time (spend) on each task is fixed and cannot be changed except in special circumstances.

3.It was a picture of a woman ( lie) on the sofa.

4.Many environmentally-conscious people today refuse to buy goods (make) from tropical hardwoods.

5.She found him sleeping in the hammock (hang) between the trees.

6.The car badly (damage) in the accident was towed away.

7.Passengers (wish) to take the King’s Cross train should go to platform 9.

8.The McDonald and Stewart are famous tartan patterns (associate) with different Scottish family groups or clans.

9.By the time I had finished the letter there were distinct sounds of breakfast (prepare).

10.J 17 is a British magazine for teenage girls (publish) every month and (contain) articles on fashion, beauty, entertainment, etc. The title stands for “Just Seventeen”.

11.We have produced a cloth (make) of pineapple fiber, closely (resemble) cotton but stronger.

12.He knew very little about his mother’s early life (spend) in Africa.

13.There will be a reward for any information (lead) to the arrest of the robbers.

Ex. 75. Translate the sentences into English using participle phrases where possible.

1.Сэр Кристофер Рэн (Sir Christopher Wren) – архитектор, построивший собор святого Павла после Великого Лондонского пожара (the Great Fire of London) в 1666 году.

2.Картина, висевшая на стене, привлекла его внимание.

3.Картина, висевшая у него дома, сейчас находится в картинной галерее.

4.Я только что видел машину, сильно пострадавшую в аварии.

5.Женщину, попавшую в аварию, отвезли в больницу.

6.Рабочие, строящие дом, часто прекращают работу из-за отсутствия стройматериалов.

7.Джек Потрошитель (Jack the Ripper) – это преступник, совершивший ряд жестоких (brutal) убийств в Лондоне в 1888 году.

8.Людей, живущих в Бирмингеме, называют “браммиз” (Brummies).

9.Бруней – страна, производящая большое количество нефти и газа.

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10.Танец чарльстон, получивший свое название (to name after / to take its name from) от города Чарльстон (Charlston), был очень популярен в 20-е годы.

11.Пища, содержащая много соли, вредна для здоровья.

12.Недавно уволили несколько человек, много лет проработавших в компании.

13.Правила, установленные администрацией, должны неукоснительно (to the letter) соблюдаться.

14.Ансамбль, исполняющий народные танцы, отправился на гастроли в Швецию.

15.Заявления, поданные после 20 мая, не будут рассматриваться.

16.Мне нравится девушка, сидящая рядом с твоим братом.

2. Present participle phrases in place of co-ordinate clauses and clauses of result

Present participle can be used to describe:

1.a second action accompanying the action of the main verb. He was standing and smiling. → He stood smiling.

The group tours schools and talks to kids about drugs and associated problems. → The group tours schools, talking to kids about drugs and associated problems.

2.a second action that comes as a result of the first action.

The policeman fired and wounded one of the robbers. → The policeman fired, wounding one of the robbers.

You can render such sentences into Russian either by means of однородное сказуемое («и ранил») or дееприча-

стие совершенного вида («ранив»).

Ex. 76. Paraphrase the sentences using participle phrases in place of co-ordinate clauses.

1.We joked and laughed, chatted now about ourselves, now about books and pictures.

2.She looked through the exam paper and tried to find an easy question to answer.

3.Susan stayed at home and looked after the children.

4.She arrived, and she was smiling as if nothing had happened.

5.Jim was lying in bed and smoking a pipe.

6.At Christmas groups of people go out and sing carols.

7.Ann stood and waved until his car was gone.

8.The two girls went down the stairs nervously, and they were trying not to make a sound.

9.I finally came to my senses and wondered why I had acted like that.

10.A group of fans were running after Michael Jackson, and they were screaming.

11.They walked along, and they were holding hands.

12. ... cried the Duchess and nodded pleasantly to him. 13. ... he said, and he was looking at her across the table.

14. ... exclaimed Lady Henry and broke an awkward silence with her silly sudden laugh.

15.He entered pale, and he was dreading (опасаться, страшиться) to meet her, and he was burning to meet her, ignorant of what he was to say to her.

Ex. 77. Translate into Russian paying attention to the use of participle phrases.

1.The Russian Revolution divided the world into two ideological camps, influencing nations even in distant parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

2.In 1820, Queen Caroline’s Whig supporters held a party that lasted for five days, producing the longest hangover in English history.

3.Rembrandt’s creditors seized and sold his house, putting his collection up for auction.

4.The soldiers started firing into the air and the tanks rolled over cars and bikes in their way, crushing them.

5.The novel White Jacket, written by Herman Melville, fully exposed cruelty in the US Navy, causing the elimination of flogging as punishment.

6.On December 21, 1988, Pan Am flight 103 from London to New York exploded above the small Scottish town of Lockerbie, killing all 259 people on board and 11 people on the ground.

7.New characters were introduced into the programme, producing highly favourable reactions from the public.

8.In 1924, during his first European tour Horwitz played triumphantly, creating a sensation.

9.In 1971, Indira Gandhi and her supporters won a huge victory, taking two thirds of the legislative seats.

Ex. 78. Paraphrase the sentences using participle phrases in place of clauses of result.

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