yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa
.pdfModel: Sugary food can stick to your teeth and cause decay. → Sugary food can stick to your teeth, causing decay.
1.The Metropolitan Museum of Art accepted the photos as a gift and made them part of its permanent collection.
2.In 1874, Edwin Booth went bankrupt and lost his beautiful Booth Theatre.
3.The glass roof collapsed onto the crowd and caused horrific injuries.
4.Her mother died in a car-crash and left her an orphan at the age of three.
5.Many immigrants to the US stayed in New York and gave the city the variety of cultures it has today.
6.The bomb fell on the church and totally destroyed it.
7.The old woman’s blunt questions embarrassed him and made him momentarily tongue-tied.
8.Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) set up a school for nurses and made nursing into a real profession.
Ex. 79. Translate into English using participle phrases.
1.Мы сидели в кафе и болтали до позднего вечера.
2.Он шел, насвистывая мелодию из популярного фильма.
3.Джейсон смотрел на нее и восхищался ее умом и здравым смыслом.
4.Джек упал с лестницы и сломал два ребра.
5.Муж умер, оставив Дженифер с тремя маленькими детьми.
6.Она стояла и дрожала от холода.
7.«Мы вас ждали», – сказала секретарша и улыбнулась.
8.Джейн обращалась со своим помощником крайне неуважительно и сделала его своим врагом.
9.Студентка шла по коридору и разговаривала по мобильному телефону.
10.Он слушал ее и кивал головой.
11.Ваза упала со стола и разбилась на мелкие кусочки.
3. Past participle phrases in place of co-ordinate clauses
This form can be used in place of the passive verb and is characteristic of literary and formal English. The past participle gives background information about the subject of the sentence, though it is not placed immediately after the subject.
e.g. Designed by the Catalan architect Euric Miralles, the new Scottish Parliament looks like a series of upturned boats. He escaped across the border disguised as a priest.
Ex. 80. Translate into Russian paying attention to the use of past participle.
1.Condemned to death in 305 A.D., San Pantaleon miraculously survived 6 attempts to kill him.
2.First published in 1915, the book was described by Maugham as an autobiographical novel.
3.Informed of the change in flight times, the passengers grumbled and sat down for a long wait.
4.Dressed in her smartest clothes, she arrived early for the interview.
5.Raised by a barmaid mother whose drinking led to her early death, she’d been placed in foster homes since early childhood.
6.The first Spanish settlement at the site of Buenos Aires was made in 1516. Soon wiped out by Indians, it was refounded in 1580, and grew rapidly in trade relations with Europe.
7.Called by the name of the little town of Vinci where he was born, Leonardo grew up in Florence.
8.Halted at a police road block, we could hear two feuding sects firing shots ahead of us.
9.Founded in 1551, San Marcos University in Lima is one of the oldest universities in the Western hemisphere.
10.Now married and a father of a baby boy, he welcomed the extra money this well-paying position brought in.
4. Participle phrases in place of adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses of time and reason are introduced by the conjunctions when, while, as, or after; because, as, or since.
A. Present participle and Past participle can be used to replace the finite verb in the adverbial clause. The participle can express:
1. simultaneous action
Adverbial Clause |
Participle Phrase |
When I was driving home I got |
Driving home I got caught in the |
caught in the rush hour traffic. |
rush hour traffic. |
As she fears to go herself she usually |
Fearing to go herself she usually |
sends her son to find out the news. |
sends her son to find out the |
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|
news. |
Since he did not wish to stay alone, |
Not wishing to stay alone, he de- |
he decided to go out. |
cided to go out. |
Because he was unemployed he felt |
Being unemployed he felt miser- |
miserable and unhappy. |
able and unhappy. |
As he will be weakened by his long |
Weakened by his long stay in |
stay in space the austronaut will have |
space the austronaut will have |
difficulty walking. |
difficulty walking. |
2.earlier action if:
it was short and very close in time to the action in the main clause. Grabbing the girl by the arm, he forced her into the car.
the main verb tells us about people’s immediate reactions to an earlier action expressed by participle. Hearing the news she turned pale.
B. Perfect participle (active and passive) can be used to replace the perfect verb in the adverbial clause.
1.Perfect participle is necessary if:
the earlier action covered a period of time.
Having spent five years in Spain, he knows the country very well.
there is an interval of time between the two actions.
Having failed once (twice, etc.), he doesn’t want to try again.
Having locked and bolted the door carefully, he went down to the cellar. Having been made redundant, he is going to move to Brazil.
Having been warned well in advance, he had enough time to get ready for the storm.
2.Perfect participle can also be used when one action follows another but the speaker wants to emphasize that the first action was completed before the second action started.
After we had got to the beach, we found a parasol to sit under.
Having got to the beach, we found a parasol to sit under.
Ex. 81. Fill in the gaps with a suitable participle.
glancing |
getting up |
turning round |
returning |
taking |
hearing |
seizing |
seeing |
turning |
clutching |
slipping |
picking up |
1._____ she took both my hands and greeted me with a warm and winning smile.
2._____ the woman’s purse, the youth ran off into the crowd.
3._____, Victoria led them down a narrow secret corridor.
4._____ to America in 1854, he found himself in debt, having invested in a badly run railroad.
5._____ the children’s screams she raced back to the house.
6._____ Kitty by the arm, he dragged her up the stairs.
7._____ over his shoulder, he saw the dog chasing him.
8._____ that I looked ill, he told me to lie down.
9._____ his arm through mine, he leant over to kiss me.
10._____ my back on the Archduke, I stepped forward.
11.She climbed into the car, _____ her hat for the wind not to blow it off.
12._____ the cheque, Pamela tore it up and threw it in the waste paper basket.
Ex. 82. Translate into Russian. Explain the use of participle phrases.
1.Turning out of the street in which was the consulate Mr. Pete made his way to the city wall.
2.Tearing my sweaty clothes off I jumped into the shower.
3.Lord Mountdrago’s grand manner had deserted him as he narrated this, and now having finished he was pale and trembling.
4.Elliot, having installed the Maturins in his spacious apartment on the Left Bank, returned to the Riviera at the end of the year.
5.(When) Returning from an expedition to a French fort, George Washington fell off his raft in icy water and nearly drowned.
6.Having got through the routine work, we could then devote ourselves to the more unusual and sometimes complicated jobs.
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7.Getting on their bikes, Jimmy and Ben rode off as fast as they could.
8.Trying to open the door, he broke the lock.
9.Having walked four kilometres, we turned onto a small road.
10.Getting into the car I hit my head.
Ex. 83. Paraphrase the sentences using participle phrases in place of clauses of time.
1.When he came home, he saw that his flat had been broken into.
2.After Thelma Ryan (Pat Nixon) had saved up enough money, she enrolled at the University of Southern California.
3.When the doctor met one of his patients in the supermarket he nodded politely.
4.As soon as they saw we had guns, they ran away.
5.When he heard a loud noise outside, he looked out of the window.
6.He feels excited when he approaches the Tower of London.
7.After we walked four kilometres, we turned onto a smaller road.
8.When they heard the blast of a foghorn, they realized they were close to the shore.
9.When he reached a point of exhaustion, Balzac fortified himself with countless cups of extremely strong black coffee. Caffeine poisoning is believed to have hastened his death.
Ex. 84. Translate Russian. Explain the use of participle phrases.
1.Trying to build my endurance, I ran for thirty minutes.
2.Having spent forty eight hours without sleep she couldn’t even think of going to bed, afraid to leave Kitty unwatched over.
3.He found himself in debt, having invested in a badly run railroad.
4.Having been warned about the coming storm, they were fully prepared for it.
5.Tired out after the long journey, I collapsed into an armchair.
6.His friend was shocked, having never heard him speak that way about a woman before.
7.He was not actually a sergeant at all having seen his last of active service in the 1950s as a corporal.
8.Wishing to try his hand at engineering, Leonardo da Vinci left Florence for Milan.
9.Having seen her first husband drink himself to death some years earlier, Carry Nation started her crusade against alcohol in 1899.
10.The snake, having been bumped about in the hot sun all afternoon, was not in the best of tempers.
11.Exhausted in a day of difficult climbing, they could hardly stay awake.
12.Grief-stricken and humiliated by his brother’s mad crime (killing President Abraham Lincoln) Edwin Booth, who was the greatest American actor of the nineteenth century, immediately retired.
Ex. 85. Paraphrase the sentences using participle phrases in place of clauses of reason.
1.As she was a frail child, she suffered throughout her childhood from one illness after another.
2.Because she has been married to John for twenty years, she knows him like the back of her hand.
3.Because she was reassured by her father’s words, the girl no longer felt frightened.
4.As the child didn’t want to see the violent bits of the film, she shut her eyes.
5.Because she has seen the film “Casablanca” so many times, she knows a lot of it by heart.
6.As she was abandoned by all her friends and relatives, the woman felt lonely and miserable.
7.Since he is a low-paid worker, he cannot afford any extravagance.
8.Because Jimmy has had nothing to eat since early morning, he feels awfully hungry.
9.As she was unprepared for the interview she failed to get the job.
10.Since the boy did not know what to say he kept silent.
Ex. 86. Translate into English using participle phrases.
1.Подписав контракт, вы не можете оставить работу без предварительного уведомления.
2.Услышав знакомый голос, Бетси почувствовала себя более уверенно.
3.Так как студент потратил много времени впустую, он не знал, как догнать группу.
4.Взяв ребенка за руку, женщина поспешила прочь.
5.Потеряв надежду получить повышение, он решил поискать другую работу.
6.Обернувшись, девушка увидела мужчину подозрительного вида.
7.Не застав никого дома, почтальон отнес посылку назад на почту.
8.Так как на управляющего произвела впечатление работоспособность Джима, он увеличил ему зарплату.
9.Увидев, что шеф чем-то раздосадован, Стив решил не задавать ненужных вопросов.
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10.В большом городе Джек поначалу чувствовал себя несчастным и одиноким, так как никогда не покидал Блэкпул больше, чем на неделю.
11.Не имея большого опыта работы, Саманта не могла рассчитывать на то, что ей предложат должность исполнительного директора.
12.Поскольку он дал обещание, отец делал все возможное, чтобы его выполнить.
13.Так как мистер Джонс был уверен, что из юноши не получится хороший актер, он решил не продлевать ему контракт.
14.Проработав режиссером-постановщиком (stage-manager) 25 лет, он считал, что все понимает в своем деле (знает все, что стоит знать).
15.После того как она долго прожила в Англии, Анна говорит на английском, как на родном.
IV. Uses of Participle Phrases Preceded by Conjunctions
1. When and while + present participle
While is used to emphasize that the action in the main clause is simultaneous with the action in the adverbial clause. When is often used to talk about recurrent (периодически повторяющийся) actions.
e.g. He felt so tired that he fell asleep while reading his newspaper. Always exercise caution when handling radioactive substances.
Ex. 87. Paraphrase the sentences using participle phrases preceded by conjunctions.
1.While I was looking through the files, I found the letter by accident.
2.We take strict precautions when we treat AIDS patients even though the risk of infection is very low.
3.When you use a dictionary, you need to be able to understand the symbols and abbreviations it contains.
4.When I make a complaint, I prefer to be friendly and polite, instead of being aggressive and rude.
5.George accidentally shot himself while he was playing with the gun.
6.Two youths were killed when they were running to help people injured in the bomb blast.
7.You have to be very careful when you drive in a big city.
8.When you use a spell-check programme, you can still make spelling mistakes.
9.When she was travelling in South America, she kept a travel journal that was to provide valuable material for her first novel.
10.On November 22, 1963, while he was travelling in a motorcade through the streets of downtown Dallas, President Kennedy was assassinated by a gunman.
11.We need to know the language of comparison and contrast when we study tables and other statistical information.
12.When you answer the door, check the identity of the callers and keep the chain on the door.
13.While he was riding around his farm in the rain and snow, George Washington caught a cold and died of a severe throat infection.
2. When (while), if / unless, as if / as though, although / though + past participle in place of clauses of time,
condition, manner and concession
In formal speech and writing you can leave out subject + be in the clauses with a passive meaning if the main and subordinate clause have the same subject.
e.g. The car was stolen while parked in a London street. (= While the car was parked ...) If picked green peaches won’t ripen. (= If peaches are picked ...)
He shook his head as though dazzled by his own vision. (= ... as though he was dazzled ...)
Ex. 88. Paraphrase the sentences using participle phrases preceded by conjunctions.
1.Odile had always been a social being, at her happiest when she was surrounded by her beloved children.
2.Silver tarnishes and turns black if it is not polished regularly.
3.When the new employee was asked to explain his mistake, he cleared his throat nervously.
4.If they were implemented the new reforms could cost the taxpayer and the economy billions.
5.When he was asked if he intended to leave a large amount of money to his heirs, he said: “Why should I? What did the future generation ever do for me?”
6.If the bird is disturbed, it may abandon the nest, leaving the chicks to die.
7.When Muhammad Ali was asked how he would like to be remembered, he said, “As a man who never looked down on those who looked up to him.”
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8.Many rules and regulations, although they are introduced with the best of intentions, frequently have the opposite effect from the intended one.
9.When it was first brought to Europe, the tomato was thought to be poisonous.
10.His house, when it was finished, was fresh and gay, unusual and simple with that simplicity that you knew could only have been achieved at great expense.
11.A stylish event is more likely to attract global coverage if it is held in London than anywhere else.
12.When she was asked about Nixon’s career, Pat once commented: “The only thing I could do was to help him, but it was not a life I would have chosen.”
13.“How can you possibly think so?” exclaimed Mrs. Drake, as though she was shocked.
14.When he was asked the simplest questions about his own political views, he was strikingly tongue-tied.
15.Though he was known for his phlegmatic, aloof manner, Pericles opened his heart to the jurors. He broke down and wept.
Ex. 89. Paraphrase the sentences using participle phrases with or without conjunctions.
1.When she had completed a course of shorthand and typing, she started to work as a stenographer.
2.When he is asked what he does, Robert Fulghum usually replies that he is a philosopher.
3.Wounds heal more quickly if they are exposed to the air.
4.When he came into the room he saw a woman with dyed hair and heavily painted lips.
5.His childhood, though it was poverty stricken, had been a happy one.
6.The boy stared at me uncertainly because he didn’t know whether to believe me.
7.Milk quickly turns sour unless it is refrigerated.
8.As he had had nothing to eat since early morning, Tom took the food eagerly.
9.Though the house was furnished in the latest fashion, it was not comfortable to live in.
10.While she was raising money to support her work, Baker made contacts with many organisations that were sympathetic to her ideas.
11.We sat in the bomb shelter and listened to the enemy shells exploding.
12.As she was not invited to the party, Mary began to feel left out.
13.She raised herself up on her arms and looked around sleepily.
V. Have / Get + Something + Done
1. to have / get something done means that you employ, pay, ask, persuade someone to do something for you. The verb have can be used in different tense-forms. In Simple tenses negations and questions are formed with do / does / did.
e.g. He had his clothes made by the best tailor in London, his hair dressed and his hair shaved by his own particular barber.
–Does she have her hair cut?
–She doesn’t have it cut. She cuts it herself. She has just had her appendix removed. John is having a new garage built.
The verb have is slightly more formal than get. Get can be used in spoken English. e.g. I must get a new washing machine installed.
We often use need, prefer, want and would like in this pattern. e.g. I need (to have) my hair permed.
She wanted (to have) central heating put in.
2. to have / get something done can be used instead of the passive form to talk about an accident or misfortune. e.g. His car was stolen. → He had his car stolen.
Ex. 90. Complete the sentences using the pattern to have / get something done.
1.Post is delivered every morning. We ...
2.My eyes need checking. I’m going to see a doctor on Wednesday. I ...
3.There is a window broken at the back of the house. Could you fix it for me? Could I ...
4.Steph ought to take her sheepskin coat to the cleaner’s. Steph ...
5.A dressmaker makes a new dress for her every year. She ...
6.While your car’s being repaired you’re welcome to use my bicycle. While you ...
7.Brian needs a new house. He’s going to employ an architect to build one. Brian ...
8.Last week Sam went to the dentist because his tooth needed filling. Last week Sam ...
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9.His 1922 Rolls Royce needs a restoration. He’d like ...
10.I couldn’t afford a new fridge, so I had to patch the old one up. I ...
11.Jane’s watch seems to have stopped. She should ...
12.She asked a tatoo artist to put a dragon on her arm while she was in Amsterdam. She had a dragon ...
Ex. 91. Make up your own sentences (affirmative, negative, interrogative) using the information given.
(dentist) |
teeth |
examine |
(secretary) |
letter |
type |
(cleaner’s) |
sweater |
dye |
(doctor) |
prescription |
write out |
(plumber) |
tap |
fix |
(garage) |
puncture |
mend |
(manicurist) |
nails |
manicure |
(hairdresser) |
hair |
cut, dye, set |
(chemist’s) |
prescription |
make out |
(laundry) |
sheets |
wash, iron |
(nurse) |
hand |
bandage |
(plumber) |
washing machine |
install |
(surgeon) |
appendix |
take out |
Ex. 92. Describe people’s misfortunes using the pattern to have / get something done.
1.Jake’s car was badly damaged in the crash.
2.Their house was broken into by a burglar.
3.Ruth’s camera was smashed by the soldiers when she tried to take photos.
4.A few of the cups got broken when we were moving house.
5.Our TV and video have been stolen.
6.Mary’s bag got caught in the train doors as they were closing.
7.John’s store was broken into and looted during the riot.
8.The warehouse of our company was burnt down yesterday.
9.Vandals got into the doctor’s office last night and smashed up the new equipment.
10.Simon’s face was badly burnt in the explosion and he had to undergo plastic surgery.
11.Emily’s fingers were injured when they got caught in the machine.
12.When Sarah Bernhardt was 71, her right leg was amputated.
13.Bob’s kidney was removed after the accident.
14.Ted’s shoulder was dislocated in yesterday’s fight.
Ex. 93. Predict the outcome of the following situations. Use the pattern to have / get something done.
Model: Put your skateboard away, or ... → Put your skateboard away, or you’ll get it stolen.
1.Hold on to the ladder so as not to fall, or ...
2.Stay away from the hot stove, or ...
3.Lock all the doors and windows, or ...
4.The path’s very steep, mind you don’t fall, or ...
5.The sun’s rays are at their most powerful at midday. Stay in the shade, or ...
6.Don’t wear your diamonds when you go out late at night. If you do you ...
7.Wrap up your crystal glasses carefully when you move house, or ...
8.Don’t drive when the roads are slippery. If you do you ...
GRAMMAR REVISION
Read the following texts. Make them complete using suitable verbals (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle).
1.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)
(Be) a child prodigy Wolfgang played for the Austrian royalty at Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna at the age of 6. His father Leopold exploited the young musician’s talent to the fullest. There are people who condemn the young Mozart’s father and point to Wolfgang’s early death, (say) overwork ruined his health.
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Mozart spent his early years (compose) and (travel). His early travels gave him exposure to the wide variety of music (compose) in Europe, (range) from Italian operas to north German religious works to French orchestra pieces.
In late 1768 he was appointed Konzertmeister to the Archbishop of Salzburg. In 1772, when the archbishop died his successor, who turned out (be) unmusical, had Mozart (eject) from the palace. The composer moved on to Vienna, where he tried (make) a living as a performer and composer. Soon after (reach) Vienna, he met Haydn and played for him. The two composers eventually became friends and met (play) chamber music.
Mozart is known (compose) with great speed. For example, it took him 4 days (compose), (copy), (rehearse) the symphony No. 36 with the Linz court orchestra and have it (perform). He quite possibly worked himself to death. His efforts to get compositions (complete) on time exhausted him, (allow) the typhus which killed him (get) a firm hold.
Shortly before his death he had 3 major works (finish), including the Requiem. (Work) on the Requiem, he began to complain about his condition, (claim) that he had been poisoned. This led to a story that he had indeed been poisoned by Salieri, a rival composer.
2.
Vaslav Nijinsky (1890–1950)
Vaslav Nijinsky is generally considered (be) the greatest male ballet dancer in history.
His mother, (have) great aspirations for her son (be) a dancer, tried (enrol) him at the Imperial Theatre School in St. Petersburg when he was 7 years old. Though (reject) because of his age, he auditioned when he reached 10 and was chosen along with 5 others from 150 applicants.
He excelled in all of his dancing classes, particularly mime. When (offer) to become a regular member of the Imperial Ballet 2 years prior to his graduation, Nijinsky turned the unprecedented offer down, (choose) to remain a student until his graduation at the age of 17.
Upon graduation he automatically became a member. (Dissatisfy) with his work in the Imperial Ballet, he took several leaves of absence (perform) with the seasonal ballet and opera company of Serge Diaghilev, the great impresario. (Offer) a position of leading dancer in Diaghilev’s company, Nijinsky resigned from the Maryinsky Theatre.
His ability (leap) effortlessly and appear (pause) in midair continuously left his audiences (gasp) in amazement. He was a marvellous actor as well as a brilliant dancer. When Sarah Bernhardt saw him (perform) Petrouchka, she said: “I’m afraid, I’m afraid, for I am watching the greatest actor in the world.”
The end of his career, which lasted only 10 years, came in 1917 after a dance tour of South America. (Exhaust) by his choreographic efforts, he lost his emotional stability. (Suffer) from acute paranoia he hired a bodyguard (protect) him from his “enemies”. There were long periods of silence and when (communicate) with his wife he spoke about God and living a simple peasant life of which dancing was no longer a part.
(Bewilder) by his behaviour his wife called in a series of specialists for a diagnosis. His condition turned out (be) hopeless, and in 1918 Nijinsky was forcibly removed to an asylum where he remained until his death in 1950.
3.
Henry Ford (1863–1947)
American Automobile Manufacturer
Henry Ford was born on a farm in Michigan. Throughout his youth, he helped his father in the family fields, but he found it boring (do) farm work. School, likewise seemed (be) a waste of time to him. Henry much preferred (play) with machines. He kept (take) them apart just (see) whether he could (put) them back together.
When Henry was thirteen, he saw something that was (change) the course of his life. (ride) along the road in a horse-driven wagon, he and his father noticed a man (drive) a strange machine alongside them. The machine consisted of a small steam engine on a platform (mount) on wheels. (stand) on the platform, the rider had to pour coal constantly into the engine (keep) the machine (move). The vehicle was impracticable and dangerous, but it captured Henry’s imagination. From that day, Henry started (work) toward a goal – (build) a low-priced, self-powered automobile capable of (replace) the horse and wagon.
(Make) a living, Ford moved to Detroit, Michigan, when he was sixteen. Soon the Edison Illuminating Company offered him a job as its chief engineer.
While (work) for Edison, Ford attended a banquet for the company’s founder. Thomas Alva Edison was world famous, (consider) by many (be) the greatest inventor in history. After the dinner Ford approached Edison and asked him what he thought of his idea for an automobile. (be) whole-heartedly in favour of the idea, Edison encouraged the young engineer, (say): “Keep on (work) on your engine. If you can get what you are after, I can see a great future.”
(Excite) by Edison’s faith in his vision, Ford started (work) on his vehicle in earnest. In the spring of 1896 he built his first automobile, which was so large that he had (break) a wall of his workshop (get) it into the road.
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(Have) a large capacity for work, Ford kept (improve) his design. In 1903, the first car of the newly (found) Ford Motor Company went on sale.
Ford spent a great deal of time (try) (make) his car cheaper (build).One innovation was the assembly line. Although other factories had used assembly lines before Ford, he was the first manufacturer (use) it (make) a product as complicated as a car.
The innovation made it possible for Ford (have) one car (complete) in ninety minutes. As the car cost less and less (produce), in 1925 it was priced at about $250. By the mid-1920s just about every American family owned an automobile. Ford had fulfilled the promise he had made to the public when he formed his company: “I will build a motor car for the great multitude!”
4.
1812 – Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia
(Interest) in personal power and (wish) (expand) his French Empire, Napoleon invaded Russia, (reach) Moscow. The Russians constantly retreated (let) time, topography, and climate (collaborate) with them in defeating Napoleon. (Flee) from Moscow and Russia in bitter winter, Napoleon’s army of 500,000 men was reduced to 20,000 survivors.
5.
355–323 B.C. Alexander the Great Conquers the World
(Raise) by his mother, (educate) by Aristotle, the young Alexander seized control of Macedonia after his father had been assassinated. (Conquer) the Persian Empire, he went on (conquer) India only to die of malaria in Babylon.
6.
It was obvious that the exhibition of paintings by Erich Krueger, the newly (discover) Midwest artist was a great success. The reception for critics and specially (invite) guests began at four. Deftly Jenny went from critic to critic (introduce) Erich, (chat) with collectors, (watch) that the caterers kept (pass) fresh trays of hors d’oeuvres and (refill) champagne glasses.
From the moment she opened her eyes this morning, it had been a difficult day. Beth had resisted (leave) for the daycare center. Tina (teeth) with two-year molars awakened a half-dozen time during the night (cry) fretfully. The New Year’s Day blizzard had left New York (cover) with mounds of slippery sooty snow. With cars (crawl) at a snail’s speed, she was nearly an hour late for work.
/A Cry in the Night/
7.
The Sergeant manned the front reception desk at the News on Sunday. He was not actually a sergeant at all (see) his last days of active service in the 1950s as a corporal. He was believed to have been injured (serve) King and Country, which had helped him (get) the job. He had been at the News Offices now for 10 years and was very popular, (be) respectful to the men and mildly flirtatious with the women – enough to make them (please) to see him at the beginning of a bad day. He had a very sure instinct with women (know) precisely whom to address as Miss So-and-so and who by their Christian name.
/The Dilemma/
8.
Francesca bent over the bed (stroke) Kitty’s head, the dry hot forehead, the dark curls (fall) onto the little cheek. She took Kitty’s free fist (wish) her well again, (send) out her strength, love to her.
(Spend) 48 hours without sleep she still couldn’t even think of (go) to bed; she was afraid (sleep), afraid (leave) Kitty unwatched over. She just sat there (think), (look back) over the short life, (fill) with anxiety, right from the very beginning.
/The Dilemma/
9.
And there came Lady Braceley and her nephew, and there was Mr Mailer, (advance) with a (win) smile towards them.
Allen wondered what first impression they made on Sophy Jason. For all her intelligence and poise she was unlikely (meet) the like of Sonia Braceley. Allen knew quite a lot about Sonia. She was the daughter of a beer baron whose children were said (turn out) disastrously. Allen had actually met her many years ago when (visit) his elder brother George at one of his official residences. Even then she appeared (have) a “certain reputation”. According to George she had experienced everything except poverty.
Her nephew bore some resemblance to her. As they advanced Allen noticed that the young man watched Mailer with what seemed (make up) of anxiety, shyness and servility. He was restless, yellow and damp about the brow.
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When Mailer introduced him and he offered his hand it proved (be) clammy and shaky. He appeared (suffer) from the extravagances of the previous night.
/When in Rome/
10.
Major Sweet was the last of his party (return) to his lodging. He was taken to his room by the second driver, (be) in a trance-like condition. The driver watched him (withdraw) money from his pockets and did not attempt (conceal) his own disappointment when (give) a worse than conservative tip.
(Leave) alone, the Major tried (retrieve) the money he had dropped on the carpet. He was reduced to (crawl) after it like a botanist in search of some rare specimen.
(Achieve) several pieces of cash and two banknotes he sat on the floor and stared at it with astonishment. (Exhaust), he rolled over, climbed up to his bed, fell on it, removed his tie and slept.
/When in Rome/
11.
Priory1 Church in Anglesey
Two of Britain’s most famous engineers are known (link) the Isle of Anglesey in North Wales with the mainland. The graceful Menai Suspension Bridge (design) by Thomas Telford was opened in 1826.
(Arrive) in Anglesey, the visitor will find much to interest him. There is, for instance, the (moat2) castle Beaumaris (erect) by King Edward I at the end of the 13th century; and four miles to the north stands the ancient church (show) in the picture.
Penmon Priory is believed (found) originally by St Seiriol in the 6th century. the remains of the original Celtic buildings (include) what appears (be) the foundations of St Seiriol’s house enclose a holy well a short distance from the present church.
The church (date) from early Norman times, is still in use and contains many details of great interest (include) the finely (sculpture) arches and unusually (carve) gates.
/Coming Events in Britain/
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PART IV
People and Lifestyles
UNIT 8.
SOCIETY: ALL WORK AND NO PLAY..?
READING 1
Pre-reading questions:
1. Society in developed countries is often referred to as: consumer throw-away post-industrial
Which of these, in your opinion, is a better description of modern society? (if not sure look up the words in the Glossary)
2. What are the most typical characteristics of modern society:
pollution |
welfare |
good / bad medical care |
bureaucracy |
long / short working hours |
GM foods |
convenience foods |
(in)efficient public services |
longevity |
3.How are technological developments transforming societies?
4.Do you think there is such a thing as natural work rhythms? Give your reasons.
ANTICIPATION: What do you expect the text to be about?
The word “ergonomics” means “the study of how the design of equipment affects how well people do their work”. The word “ergonarchy” has been invented by the author to describe the modern Western society. What do you think laid the foundation of this society?
Skim the article to see if you guessed right.
The Rise of the Ergonarchy
We could have the leisure society if we wanted it. But Samuel Smiles1 won; our lives are ruled by a work ethic and a duty to consume.
In 1857, Charles Dickens observed that the nation was over-populated, over-pauperised, over-colonising and overtaxed. Over-colonising is no longer a problem – we managed to get rid of the British empire and the cost of running it, but the rest of his description stands untouched. But we manage: we go on living longer and longer, in spite of pollution and GM foods and mercury in our teeth fillings. Life expectancy will soon be twice what it was when Dickens made his speech in 1857. He died, poor man, in 1870, aged 57. Here am I, a novelist of today, ten years older than that and stil1 going strong, thanks to good nutrition and medical care: I’d have been dead once if it weren’t for antibiotics, and twice if not for surgery.
We manage, mostly because of the rise of technology and science. Robots dig for coal, fetch up oil, and make our motorcars and our largely prefabricated buildings; computers keep information circulating. A good deal of the work and the information is totally unnecessary, but the technological West is now in search of an occupation, and is really good at inventing tasks for itself to do. Layer upon layer of bureaucracy delays decisions and makes efficiency impossible. A letter that in Dickens’s time took a day to get anywhere in the country can now take up to five. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre was in the bookshops six weeks after the unsolicited manuscript turned up at the publishers. Today, two years would not be unusual.
But at least everyone’s working, which means consuming: this is what it takes to keep the wheels of industry and state turning. The leisure society we envisaged back in the 1960s didn’t happen: on the contrary, we work harder and longer accomplishing less. It turned out that we had more appetite for employment than for leisure. It suited the nature of our species.
The problem has always been that the machine works steadily and sensibly; humans do not. In fact, we would be more productive, and our employers would be wealthier, if we worked when we felt like it. Our natural work rhythms are not nine to five daily and a weekend off: more like a week working hard with time off only for sleep, and then a week’s rest. Anyone who is self-employed recognises the pattern. Endeavour is seldom steady; as with us today, so with yester-
1 British writer and social reformer, 1812 - 1904
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