yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa

Connectives: Moreover, In addition, The first / second / third reason, Despite the fact.

What other words to express opinion can you suggest?

Choosing Sons or Daughters

I feel that whenever it becomes possible for parents to choose the sex of their child, they should be allowed to do so even though it may lead to more males than females. 1) _________ is that persons carrying an inherited disease that affects males would be able to choose to have a girl. 2) __________ is that there would be fewer deliberate abortions done because parents wanted a child of a different sex. 3) _________ is that we still have wars, and more men than women are killed in wars. 4) ___________, since women live longer than men, many widows would welcome a larger population of available males.5) _________, I don’t believe the problem of more males in our society would be a permanent situation. 6) _________ that there probably would be more male children born for some time, it is likely that a shortage of women would eventually lead to an increase in the number of females born so that there would be more women available as marriage partners. After a time, the ratio of men to women would probably settle into a fairly even balance.

Ex. 40. Support the following viewpoint with the reasons from the list below.

We can learn a lot from studying a so-called dead language.

Reasons:

1.You find out a lot about history, philosophy, architecture, literature, science, language and politics.

2.Only someone weird could enjoy studying a dead and difficult language.

3.With a dead language there is no embarrassment about the accent.

4.You can trace all sorts of words, ideas, forms of expression that you come across in your own culture back to much earlier time.

5.Only doctors and lawyers can make any use of the Latin language.

Ex. 41. Write a paragraph on this topic developing the arguments and giving examples. Use reformulation (in other words, etc.) and exemplification if necessary.

	Useful hints:
	Roman philosophers, poets, writers: Horatius, Vergilius, Seneca, Ovidius, Cicero, Appulejus, Archimedes;
	Roman emperors and politicians: Julius Caesar, Tiberius, Gracchus;
	The Roman law;
	Well-known phrases: primus inter paris (первый среди равных); a priori (независимо от опыта; заранее); modus
	vivendi (временное соглашение по какому-либо международному вопросу); In vino veritas (истина в вине);
	Veni, vidi, vici (пришел, увидел, победил); Nota bene (NB) (надо заметить); Perpetuum mobile (вечный двига-
	тель).

Ex. 42. a) Write a paragraph about the advantages of physical education. Support the following viewpoint with reasons of your own or from the list below:

Physical education should be an integral part of school curriculum.

Reasons:

1.Doing sport at school gives children an excellent opportunity to exercise.

2.PE classes help children to get rid of excess energy.

3.Doing sport at school interferes with children’s studies.

4.Team sports as part of PE develop social skills and encourage children to cooperate with others.

5.Children who are not good at sport can develop an inferiority complex.

b) Write a paragraph expressing a different point of view.

Ex. 43. Write a paragraph expressing your opinion about physical education as a compulsory subject at universities and colleges; or the subject which you feel should be included in your curriculum.

Start with I strongly believe ...

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS EXPRESSING OPINION

An essay expressing opinion is a formal piece of writing in which your own opinion is clearly stated and supported by reasons.

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Structure:

Introduction (Paragraph 1)

The subject or topic. A statement of your opinion.

Main body

Paragraph 2

Viewpoint 1 supported by a logical reason. Paragraph 3

Viewpoint 2 supported by a logical reason. Paragraph 4

The opposing viewpoints and reasons

You might include a lead-in opinion to your conclusion

Conclusion (Final paragraph)

A summary of your viewpoints. When you restate your opinion use different words!

Note: Each viewpoint should be presented in a separate paragraph, so you may include more paragraphs in the main body if you have more viewpoints.

Useful words and phrases:

1.to express opinion: 1 believe, In my opinion, I think, In my view, I strongly believe, I feel that, It seems to me that, etc.

2.to present the other side of the argument: Contrary to what most people believe, As opposed to the above ideas, Some people argue that...

3.to join each viewpoint witch the others: In the first plaсe, To start with, What is more, Furthermore, Besides, Apart from this, It is argued that, etc.

Ex. 44. Compare opinion essay with “for and against” essay (see Writing 2 unit 2). Note the differences and similarities in structure and language.

Ex. 45. a) Fill in the gaps in the text with suitable words and expressions from the list. b) Decide if the text is an argumentative essay or an opinion essay. Give your reasons.

To sum up	To begin with
Firstly	In conclusion
In my opinion	Some critics argue that...
What is more	In my view
In addition	All in all
Contrary to what many people believe	I feel

This year’s sixth-formers were the first to complete a new modular system of A-level exams. Now many students and their parents ask whether the new system is an improvement on the old one.

1)________, sitting for four or five AS-levels in your first year and then taking three of the subjects to full A-level in the second makes it easier to pass the exams successfully. If your AS grades contribute to your full A-level result you are not under so much pressure all the way through, though the first year puts more stress on students than it used to.

2)________, the rise in the pass rate and a record number of students who score straight As indicate that the new system filters out poorer A-level candidates in the first year. The AS-level results can be used by pupils to decide whether they go on to take a full A-level.

3)________, the new system broadens the curriculum and gives students a chance to take up a wider range of subjects in the first year (e.g. drama or music or mass media). 4) ________ it is unfair that many universities do not accept what they call “soft” A-level subjects.

5)________ there is no need for the AS-level. They would prefer students to simply sit their exams at the end of two years’ study. They say this generation of school pupils is overexamined and never relaxes. Their idea is to abolish ASlevels and introduce the International Baccalaureate instead.

6)________, 7) ________ that we should give the new system time. Constant changes have turned pupils into guinea pigs for education reform. Give them a break!

WRITING AN ESSAY EXPRESSING OPINION

Ex. 46. Develop your paragraph on learning a dead language (ex. 41) into an essay expressing opinion. a) Choose the best beginning and ending from the list below.

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Give your reasoning.

Beginnings:

1.When I tell people that I studied Latin until I was 23 they look at me as if I had a banana sticking out of my ear.

2.Latin used to be an integral part of classical education. Every public school had it on its curriculum. For the past two decades public schools have become less classical and Latin is no longer compulsory.

3.Do you think that learning Latin is a waste of time, and only someone weird can take it up seriously?

Endings:

А. Brilliant minds used Latin in the millennium before last. It would be criminal to ignore their heritage just because people consider the language elitist.

В. Learning Latin is enjoyable and highly satisfying. It gives you an insight into things you may have never discovered otherwise.

С. On balance, the main advantage of learning Latin is that it puts our own society, literature and language into perspective.

b)What should be added to the first and final paragraphs you have chosen to make it an essay expressing opinion?

c)Look through the endings B and C and work out the possible viewpoints to be dealt with in the paragraph giving the opposing opinion:

It is a waste of time/ learning a language nobody speaks today.

Latin is a dead language that could only be part of elitist education.

Latin can be of interest to the few studying ancient history, philosophy and theology.

.........?

d)Write the paragraph expressing opposing viewpoints and reasons.

e)Write the essay “Why I would like to study Latin.”

Ex. 47. Read the following topics and give the paragraph outline for each, listing the viewpoints. Write supporting reasons for the viewpoints on the two of the topics. Finally write an essay expressing your opinion.

1.Standardized external testing of high school leavers should replace entrance exams.

2.Traditional schooling should no longer be compulsory.

3.Is school the best preparation for entering university?

4.Russian education system is one of the best in the world.

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UNIT 4.

AT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

IN THE UK AND THE USA

READING 5

Pre-reading questions:

1.What do you think are the most urgent problems of higher education today?

2.Do you think higher education should be free of charge? Why? Who do you think should pay?

3.What expenses should scholarships cover? Do you know how your peers in Western countries pay through college?

Ex. 48. Suggest Russian equivalents for the following words and word combinations from the text.

financing, vice-chancellor, to commission a report, to distance oneself, privately, to address economic and social problems, subsidy, fund, funding regime, chance, prestigious institutions, leading academics, elitism.

Skim through the text and say whether the statements that follow are true or false. Reading notes:

1. Ivy League престижные университеты, дающие прекрасное образование. Среди выпускников многие видные политики

ивысокопоставленные лица США.

2.Secretary of министр, возглавляющий министерство (в Великобри-

State тании)

Universities Told to Charge £50,000 for a Degree

Economists propose that universities should be allowed to charge students as much as £50,000 in fees for three-year degrees by introducing a US style system of financing higher education.

Some vice-chancellors in the Russell group of 19 leading universities, which commissioned the economists’ report, are privately distancing themselves from the recommendations.

The report, written by Professor David Greenaway of Nottingham University and three other university economists, calls on universities to be freed of state controls to set their own tuition fees, thus addressing their funding shortfalls1. The report offers a simple, free market solution to higher education’s economic and social problems: charge the rich extra fees and use the money to fund scholarships for the poor.

The economists argue that current funding arrangements equate to a state subsidy for the middle classes. Students from rich backgrounds are charged a flat rate of £1,025 a year in England, but most of the fees are still paid by the government.

The universities must be allowed to set their own fees and student numbers as US institutions do. Annual fees for university tuition can be as much as $25,000 (£16,500) in the US. Existing state funds would be used to support scholarships for poorer students.

The new funding regime would be phased in2 over a number of years to give parents a chance to start saving. Eventually, prestigious institutions such as Oxford and Cambridge would be able to charge fees for degree courses at a similar market rate to the top Ivy League institutions, accompanied by an extensive range of scholarships and loans.

Ministers are keen that international research centres such as Cambridge and Oxford are able to compete with the best universities overseas3 in recruiting leading academics. They also want to support the efforts of universities to attract more students from poor areas but do not want to spend more public money on higher education.

Senior ministers believe that the recent row over elitism has weakened the case for top-up fees, as they would discourage students from relatively low incomes who did not qualify for scholarships. But even some opponents believe the shortfall in research funding in universities makes differential fees inevitable in the medium term. Top-up fees are strongly supported by Sir Colin Campbell, the Vice-Chancellor of Nottingham University, and privately by others.

The report explores a number of funding options, including a graduate tax, to bring higher education funding in Britain in line with the levels seen in other countries such as the US. British universities do not have the multibillion-pound endowments4 and alumni donations associated with the top institutions in America.

1нехватка

2постепенно вводить

3заграницей

4пожертвования

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Under their plan, Russell group universities would be modelled on Ivy League institutions such as Cornell, funded by state and private money. The economists believe that a move to differential fees is the only way to fix the immediate funding problems facing British institutions.

/Lee Elliot Major, Will Woodward/

True / False statements:

1.The economists’ report advises strengthening state control over universities.

2.The report proposes supporting scholarships for the poor by charging the rich extra fees.

3.At present students from rich families in Britain pay much less than rich students in the USA.

4.The British economists strongly criticized the funding arrangement in the US universities.

5.According to the report, the state should stop funding higher education.

6.Ministers do not want to spend more public money to help the universities fix their funding problems.

7. At

present

some

universities

in

England

charge

tuition

fees

well

over

£ 16,500.

8.At the moment both Cambridge and Oxford find it difficult to recruit leading scientists.

9.The government supports the idea of introducing very high tuition fees.

10.According to the report, introducing differential fees is the only solution to current funding problems in British universities.

11.Unlike the universities in the US, British universities do not have an extensive programme of financial assistance.

12.The new funding regime is to be introduced next year.

13.The vice-chancellors are unanimous in thinking that education should be free for all.

14.The report explored introducing a graduate tax apart from charging top-up fees.

Language Work

Ex. 49. Complete the sentences using the words from the text.

1.A t... fee is an amount of money charged for teaching.

2.If different fees are paid by different students according to their income, they are d... fees.

3.In Britain, a first degree or Bachelor’s degree generally takes three years. That is why it is a t...-y... degree.

4.The economists consider introducing a g... tax, i.e. a tax paid by university graduates.

5.A... are former students of a school, college or university. The donations made by them to help those who apply for financial aid are called a... donations.

6.“To q... for scholarships” means “to have the right to receive financial assistance”.

7.The I... L... is a group of American universities with a very high academic reputation. Its most famous members are Harvard and Yale Universities.

8.In Britain, the V...-C... is the most senior official in a university, while the Chancellor is given the title as an honour and has only a few formal duties.

9.The minister in charge of the Department for Education and Employment is called the E... Secretary.

10.The senior minister in each department is generally called the Secretary of S..., e.g. the Secretary of S... for the Environment.

Ex. 50. Match the words 1–8 with the correct definitions A–H.

1.to charge someone an amount of money

2.to commission (e.g. a report)

3.to distance oneself from smth

4.to address smth (a matter, problem)

5.to argue

6.to phase in

7.to bring smth in line with smth else

8.to equate to smth

a.to become less involved (esp. in your thoughts or feelings)

b.to make smth similar to smth else

c.to introduce in stages or gradually

d.to formally choose someone to do

aspecial piece of work (e.g. a report)

e.to ask payment for services

f.to deal with smth, to give attention to smth

g.to maintain, try to prove by reasoning

h.to be considered equal (of two or more things or people)

Ex. 51. Find equivalents for the following in the text.

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a system similar to the one accepted in the USA; shortage of funds to reach a desired standard; an answer to a difficulty; to provide money for the scholarships for the poor; from rich families; a common charge; fees paid for a oneyear course of studies; anxious, enthusiastic; to be competitive; a member of a college or university (esp. a person whose job is teaching); which cannot be prevented from happening; something offered for choice; to be made a copy of smth; a step in a course of action (towards a particular result)

Ex. 52. Translate into Russian.

e.g. Universities charge students as much as £ 50,000 for three-year degrees.

Студенты платят за три года обучения в университете целых 50000 фунтов. e.g. The plane crashed a mere five minutes after take-off.

Самолет разбился всего лишь через пять минут после взлета.

1.Japan now has as many as 220,000 cults and sects. “Even the head of a sardine can be a god for those who want to worship it,” goes a Japanese saying.

2.Some 70% of the world’s wines are still made and drunk in Western Europe.

3.According to Peru’s labour ministry, under 45% of the workforce had a proper job in 1999, compared with some 50% in 1998.

4.The CD called “UK Info Disc” costs a mere £ 49.95 ($80).

5.For as little as $100 a month, they provide all the necessary information.

6.As many as 2m labourers of Nazi camps are still alive, mostly in Eastern Europe. Their average age is 80.

7.The Japanese spend around $4,000 each a year on life insurance, four times as much as Americans or Britons.

8.Germany devotes a mere 1.5% of its GDP to defence, half as much as a decade ago.

9.This industrial behemoth, China’s third-largest steel maker, once employed as many as 230,000 people and produced as much as 10m tons of steel a year.

10.In America six out of ten passengers now take a suitcase onto a flight, rather than check it in, three times as many as in 1990.

11.Unemployment in Sri Lanka has dropped, from over 15% in 1990 to around 8.5% now, but remains inordinately high for educated youth.

12.Dr. Orchard, an epidemiologist at the University of Pittsburgh, examined as many as 600 patients at two-year intervals over six years. He established a link between depression and heart disease.

13.The best basketball player of the 1990s was the relatively “short” Michael Jordan. Believe it or not, his mere 6ft 6in (1.98m) actually qualifies as short in America’s National Basketball Association (NBA).

14.The French and the Italians still drink around 60 litres of wine per head per year, compared with 15 litres in Britain. Some 80% of American households still do not own a corkscrew.

Ex. 53. Study the meanings of the verb propose. Change the sentences according to the model.

Model 1: propose (= suggest) + doing / (should) do

The report proposes allowing universities to charge higher fees. → The report proposes that universities (should) be allowed to charge higher fees.

1.Economists propose reducing retirement benefits.

2.Margaret Thatcher proposed privatising state-owned businesses.

3.The government proposed increasing prices.

4.The economists propose raising tuition charges.

5.The Secretary of State proposed laying an embargo on trade with ... .

6.The headmistress proposes raising funds for the scheme.

7.It was unwise of me to propose putting our plans before the committee on Monday.

Model 2. propose (= intend) + to do

I do not intend to reveal details at this stage. →I do not propose to reveal details at this stage.

1.We intend to go to Greece next year if all goes well.

2.I’m not going to invite them to lunch.

3.Most participants are going to take part in the workshop.

4.The envoy intends to take measures to prevent energy crisis.

5.We planned to stay in the country for the weekend.

Note: propose is a more formal word than suggest and intend

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			Phrasal Verbs
Call + adverb
	call on someone	–	зайти к кому-либо
call at a place		–	зайти куда-либо
call for someone / something		– зайти за кем-либо / чем-либо
	call off	–	отменить, отложить
	call in	–	зайти (ненадолго)
	call in someone	–	вызвать (на дом), приглашать
	call for	–	требовать (о ситуации, положении
			и т.д.)
	call up	–	вывести (информацию на экран)
call on someone for something		– призвать кого-либо к чему-либо или
	or to do something		сделать что-либо
	call off	–	отозвать, позвать (назад)

Ex. 54. Match the phrasal verbs 1–10 with the correct definitions A–J.

1.Could you, please, call in on the way to work and see how she is?

2.She is on her way somewhere and so, passing through Meryton, I thought she might as well call on you.

3.He called at a shop on the way home and bought some flowers for her.

4.The film starts at 7, so I’ll call for you at 6.30.

5.I’m calling on everyone of you to do your bit! We need all the help we can get.

6.Could you call in the next interviewee, please?

7.The meeting was called off due to lack of support.

8.The situation called for drastic measures.

9.Could you call last year’s sales figures up for me?

10.As the crisis deepened the ambassador was called off.

a.to cancel

b.to appeal to someone to do something

c.to make a short visit

d.to visit someone

e.to visit a place, to stop somewhere

f.to visit a place with the intention of collecting someone or something

g.ask to come

h.require, demand

i.to find and show (information) on a computer screen

j.to cause (someone or an animal) to keep away

Ex. 55. Fill in the empty box with one phrasal verb.

1.	The speaker		the audience for support.
2.	Yesterday we		him on the way home, but we didn’t
			find him in.
3.	The leaders of the major		all concerned citizens to take part in
	political parties		the elections.
1.	What’s happened to Jack?		every Friday, but we haven’t seen
	He used to		him for a month already.
2.	If you can’t fix the tap
	yourself, why don’t you		a plumber?
1.	Classes will be		on Thursday and Friday.
2.	My new neighbour		his dog when it was about to bite me.
3.	Luckily the strike of bus-
	drivers was		and she got to work on time.
1.	The protesters		immediate action in connection with
			new outbreaks of violence.
2.	We’ll		you at 5 o’clock, so please be ready.

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Ex. 56. Fill in the gaps with suitable adverbs and prepositions.

1.I call ____ the people in this country to work hard for national unity.

2.The occasion calls ____ prompt action.

3.He called ____ his friend and they went to the cinema together.

4.Alice had to call ____ an electrician because something was wrong with the socket.

5.When we called ____ Mrs Parker, we found her tidying up the house.

6.They didn’t even bother to inform you that the excursion was called ____, did they?

7.I called ____ the chemist’s and bought a painkiller.

8.I shouted to him to call his dog ____, but he just laughed at me.

9.You can use the search facility to call ____ all the occurrences of a particular word in a document.

Ex. 57. Translate into English using the phrasal verb call.

1.Забастовка была отложена в последний момент.

2.Я зайду за тобой вечером, и мы пойдем в театр.

3.Председатель призвал аудиторию соблюдать спокойствие.

4.Раньше он всегда заходил по субботам.

5.Он зашел к ней вчера вечером.

6.Он призвал внести изменения в план.

7.Ему не хотелось вызывать врача, и он отправился в поликлинику сам.

8.Положение требует принятия срочных мер.

9.Я собираюсь зайти в магазин по дороге домой.

Set + adverb

set up — основать, учредить

set up — воздвигнуть, установить

set off / out — отправиться (e.g. set out for work / the station,

set out on a trip)

set out — излагать, формулировать

set in — начинаться, наступать, устанавливаться (о по-

годе, холодах, панике и т.п.)

set back — препятствовать, задерживать

set out to do some- — задумать (и начать осуществлять задуманное) thing

Ex. 58.Match the phrasal verbs 1–9 with the correct definitions A–G.

1.It wasn’t until 2.30 that we finally set out / off on our trip.

2.He set out / off for work at exactly 7.30.

3.In this document we have set out our proposals in a clear and concise way so that everyone can understand them.

4.If you get bitten by a dog, you have to make sure the wound is properly cleaned, or an infection can set in.

5.The computer failure has set us back at least a week.

6.The first thing to do in a crisis is to set up a committee.

7.We need to have the roof repaired before the bad weather sets in.

8.He set out to break the record for the cross-channel swim.

9.They set up a lamppost opposite our house.

a.to create, to establish

b.to begin a journey

c.to hold up, to delay

d.to spread, to begin and be likely to stay

e.to express, to formulate, to arrange

f.to begin a plan of action, especially with a particular aim

g.to erect, to place in position

Ex. 59. Fill in the empty box with one phrasal verb.

1.	The monument to Nelson was		in Trafalgar Square.
2.	After he went bankrupt, he		a new business in his wife’s
	tried to		name.
3.	The police have		road blocks to prevent the kid-

100

			nappers from escaping.
1.	They’ve just		on a round-the-world cruise.
2.	I’ve tried to		my ideas in this book.
3.	Like so many young people
	before them, they		to change the world.

Ex. 60. Paraphrase the sentences using the phrasal verb set.

1.By the time he put the key back in place, panic had spread.

2.We began our journey to work early enough but were caught in a traffic jam.

3.Now that winter had come, he had a difficult time finding somewhere warm to sleep in.

4.The bad weather caused a delay in our construction plans.

5.They started this school so as to provide better educational opportunities for handicapped children.

6.The management board explained their plans for the coming year.

Ex. 61. Translate into English using the phrasal verb set.

1.Мне бы хотелось изложить свои взгляды по этому вопросу.

2.Мы отправились в путь на рассвете.

3.Похоже, что дождливая погода установилась надолго.

4.Нехватка нужных материалов задержала нас на 3 недели (three weeks / by three weeks).

5.После окончания университета он решил начать (создать) свое собственное дело.

6.Он задумал побить мировой рекорд.

7.Памятник Джордано Бруно был воздвигнут на площади, где его сожгли.

		 VOCABULARY LIST 2
1. charge v	1)	назначать цену, взимать плату; to charge smb
		for smth; how much do you charge for a haircut?
	2) fml поручать, вверять; to charge smb with
		smth / doing smth; the Board was charged with in-
		vestigating…
	3)	обвинять; to charge smb with a crime
charge n	1)	цена, плата; free of charge; gas charges will rise
		next month

2)ответственность, забота, попечение; to be in charge of smth отвечать за что-либо, командо-

вать; to put smb in charge of smb / smth; she was put in charge of the investigation; to take charge of smb взять на себя заботу; Ann took charge of the children

3)обвинение; to bring a charge against smb предъ-

являть кому-либо обвинение; on a charge of burglary / murder по обвинению в квартирной краже / убийстве

2.commission v 1) поручать, давать заказ; to commission a report /

		an article; to commission an artist to paint a picture
	2)	присваивать офицерское звание; he was com-
		missioned a major
commission n	1) поручение, заказ; to carry out a commission suc-
		cessfully
	2)	комиссионное вознаграждение; to charge 10%
		commission
	3)	комиссия; to appoint / to establish a commission
	4)	офицерское звание
3. tuition n	обучение; плата за обучение
tutor n	частный учитель, наставник, куратор, руково-
	дитель группы студентов (англ. университета);

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	tutor v	fml давать частные уроки, обучать, руководить,
		консультировать
	tutorial n	консультация, встреча с руководителем
	tutorial adj	наставнический; tutorial system университетская
		система обучения путем прикрепления студентов
		к отдельным консультантам
4.	address n	обращение, речь, выступление; адрес
	address v	1) обращаться к кому-либо, выступать;
		2) oneself to smth браться, приниматься за что-
		либо
		3) smth (a problem, issue, etc.) приниматься за ре-
		шение, решать; to address the problem of poverty,
		global warming, etc.
5.	solution n	решение, разрешение вопроса и т.д.; solution to a
		problem / conflict / puzzle / etc.; to find / offer / pro-
		vide a solution
	solve v	решить, разрешить; to solve a problem

6.scholarship n 1) стипендия; to win / gain / receive a scholarship; to

			award smb a scholarship
		2)	ученость, эрудиция; this publication is a fine
			piece of scholarship
	scholar n	1)	ученый
		2)	стипендиат
7.	argue v	1)	(with / about) спорить; to argue with smb about
			smth; to argue for / against выступать за (против)
		2)	утверждать, доказывать; to argue that; some
			critics argue that the idea is impracticable
	argument n	1)	довод, аргумент
		2)	дискуссия, спор; to have / to get into / to win / to
			lose an argument
8.	flat adj	1)	плоский, ровный; flat as a pancake совершенно
			плоский

2)скучный, монотонный; a flat voice, flat celebrations

3)прямой, ясный, категоричный; a flat statement, a flat refusal

4)одинаковый; flat rate / price

9.background n 1) биографические данные, происхождение; eth-

		nic / cultural / religious background; what is his
		background? что он собой представляет?
	2)	подготовка, квалификация; he has the right
		background for the job; specialists with a back-
		ground in public relations
	3)	задний план, фон; to stay / keep in the back-
		ground держаться в тени; against the back-
		ground of … на фоне…
	4)	предпосылка, подоплека, история вопроса;
		the background of the war / crisis / deal
10. save v	1) спасать; to save smb from smth, to save oneself;
		to save the situation спасти положение; to save
		smb the trouble of doing smth избавить кого-либо
		от необходимости делать что-либо
	2)	беречь, экономить; to	save (money) копить
		(деньги)
	3)	приберегать, оставить;	to save against / for a
		rainy day откладывать на черный день; to save
		one’s breath не говорить понапрасну
savings n	сбережения
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