Учебник англ

vidual must be at least 18 and under 65 on the date his or her jury service starts, and must have lived in the UK for at least five years. If he or she doesn't qualify because of his or her age or short residency in the UK, he or she should say so on the form accompanying the

summons and return it within seven days.

3. A potential juror could ask to be excused. The jury summoning officer has discretion to excuse a person in some circumstances, e.g. if he or she:

-has got work commitments or runs a one-person business;

-has booked a holiday;

-is sitting for exams;

-is moving home;

-has moved from the area;

-is a parent with a young child;

-is looking after a sick relative;

-has suffered a bereavement;

-is in poor health, blind or deaf;

-doesn't speak English very well, or is illiterate.

4.Some people are entitled to be excused, though can serve if they want. These include:

- people who have done jury service (excluding coroners' court juries) during the past two years, and people who've been specifically excused for longer;

- practicing doctors, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, etc.;

- members of the armed forces (if the commanding officer agrees); - MPs, peers, members of the European Parliament.

5.The person is ineligible if he or she is:

-mentally ill or mentally handicapped;

-a regular minister of any religious denomination;

-part of the administration of justice (such as a judge, barrister, solicitor, court official, magistrate);

-part of the prison system (from prison governors to probation officers);

-a police officer (or special constable), a civilian employee of the police, a member of a police authority, or an employee of a forensic

lab.

6. Anyone could be disqualified, sometimes for life, if he or she

has got a criminal record.

LEXIS

optional - по желанию, произвольный; необязательный coroner's court - коронерский суд, производящий дозна-

ние в случаях насильственной или скоропостижной смерти summon - вызывать; вручать приказ о явке в суд

189

residency - проживание; пребывание

accompanying - сопровождающий, сопроводительный commitment - обязательство, обязанность

run a one-person business - вести собственный бизнес, являться частным предпринимателем

book a holiday - заказывать билеты для проведения отдыха be sitting for exams - сдавать сессию в учебном заведении move home - менять место жительства

bereavement - тяжёлая утрата; потеря, вызванная смертью близкого человека

blind - слепой

deaf - глухой, лишенный слуха, тугой на ухо

illiterate - неграмотный, необразованный, безграмотный

ineligible - не имеющий права (на что-л. ввиду несоответствия требованиям); неподходящий, непригодный, негодный

mentally handicapped - с умственными недостатками regular minister - служитель

disqualified - 1) дисквалифицированный 2) лишённый прав(а); 3) признанный неправоспособным или недееспособным

criminal record - прежняя судимость, имеющаяся судимость

12.15. EXERCISE. Examine the following chart. Prepare five questions about its content. Be ready to interview your group mates.

Difference between Trial Courts and Appellate Courts in Common Law Countries

Trial Court

Federal trial courts are called district courts.

Cases are heard for the first time in a trial court.

Cases only affect the people involved with the case.

The two sides present evidence and witnesses, and either a judge or a jury makes a decision based on the evidence presented.

Appellate Court

Federal appellate courts are called courts of appeals. Cases can be further appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

If either party disagrees with the decision in the trial court, they can appeal, asking a higher court to review the decision.

The outcome of appeals cases have the poten tial to affect large numbers of people, becaus these decisions are binding on district courts within the circuit.

No new evidence is presented, the judge(s) simply review the materials from the original trial and determine whether the lower court made the correct legal decision.

190

12.16. KEY WORDS
adjudication	lawyer for defence
appellate court	lower court
bailiff	magistrates' court
clerk	multi-tiered system
closing argument	opening statement
Constitutional Court	prosecutor
county court	reverse the original sentence
court of first instance	superior court
Crown Court	to adjudicate
district court	to administer justice
general jurisdiction	to be sworn in
hierarchy of courts	to interpret
High Court	to lose a case
higher court	to object to
judge	to pass a verdict
judicial circuit	to pass a sentence
judiciary	to preside over a court
jurisdiction	to win a case
Justice of the Peace	trial court

12.17. (**) ESSAY WRITING. Chose one of the following themes for your essay on the topic “Judiciary":

- “Electronic justice. The experience of and prospects for online court trials.”

-“Foreign judgements.”

-“Is the judiciary accessible to public?”

-“Juvenile justice.”

-“Our judicial system: is it effective?”

-“Should judges be elected or appointed?”

-“Summary procedure: advantages and disadvantages.”

-“Who may become a judge?”

12.18. TEST YOURSELF. Fill each gap in the sentences with only one word or phrase from the box given below:

In civil cases, the plaintiff brings an action against (1) in the hope of winning (2) (= an amount of money that a court decides should be paid by the person, that has caused harm or injury) or (3) (= a court order preventing the defendant from doing something). Criminal cases are brought against (4) by (5), in England and Wales

191

by the Director of Public Prosecutions and in Scotland through procurators fiscal.

In England and Wales, every town has a Magistrates’ Court where

(6) cases are judged and (7) cases are passed to higher courts by three magistrates called (8), specially trained members of the public. The more serious cases are heard in a Crown Court by (9).

Minor civil cases, such as divorce and bankruptcy, are heard in

(10) and more serious ones in (11). Appeals against decisions from the Crown Court or the High Court go to (12) and a few cases, where

a question of law is in doubt, are passed to the Supreme Court.

In Scotland, criminal cases are heard in District Courts by members of the public called lay justices. More serious cases go to (13) and are heard by the sheriff and a jury. Civil cases begin in the sheriff court. Appeals go to the High Court of Justiciary or the Court of Session in Edinburgh.

In the US, the judicial system is one of the three branches of the federal government, but the legal system operates at many levels with

state, county and city courts as well as (14). Each type of court has its own (15), that is it deals with certain kinds of cases. Both (16) are

first heard in trial courts and there is a right to appeal against the court’s decision in a court of appeals. Many states have (17) where people get divorced and (18) which deal with small amounts of money. States also have trial courts which hear a wider range of cases and courts of appeal called superior courts or district courts. Most states have (19) where the most serious appeals are held. States have their own criminal code, but some crimes are federal offences, i.e. against federal law, and crimes may fall under federal jurisdiction if more than one state is involved.

Most courts have only one judge, but some higher courts have several. In the US Supreme Court, the nine judges are called (20). The people on either side of a case are represented by (21), also called at- torneys-at-law. In a criminal trial the defendant is represented by a defense attorney, or if they are too poor to pay a lawyer, the court will appoint a public defender. The prosecution is led by an Assistant District Attorney or, in federal cases, by a federal attorney.

a judge and a jury, a supreme court, an injunction, civil and criminal cases, common pleas courts, criminals, damages, family courts, federal courts, jurisdiction, justices, Justices of the Peace, lawyers, minor, more serious, regional sheriff courts, the county courts, the Court of Appeal, the defendant, the High Court of Justice, the state

192

12.19. MAKE A REPORT on the topic “Judiciary”, paying attention to the following points in your speech:

-civil and criminal litigation;

-stages of court proceeding;

-judicial system in our country;

-English judiciary;

-courts in the United States.

193

Unit 13. Legal Profession

13.1. BEFORE READING learn the following words and phrases which are essential on the topic:

adviser /ədˈvaɪzə(r)/ = counselor /ˈkaʊns(ə)lə(r)/, consultant

/kənˈsʌltənt/ - советник, консультант; референт (лицо,

дающее советы и рекомендации по определенным вопросам, предлагающее варианты выбора в конкретной ситуации, предоставляющее запрашиваемую информацию)

attorney /əˈtɜː(r)ni/ - адвокат; юрист; атторней, уполномоченный, доверенный; поверенный (в суде); прокурор (в США)

bar association /ˈbɑːr əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ = the Bar /bɑː(r)/ - ассоциация

адвокатов (имеющих право выступать в суде); в США - организация практикующих профессиональных юристов; такие организации существуют как на уровне штатов, где они принимают экзамены (bar examination) на право заниматься адвокатской практикой или отстраняют от нее (to disbar), так и на общенациональном уровне

barrister /ˈbærɪstə(r)/ - барристер; адвокат, имеющий право высту-

пать в высших судах (отличается тем, что не ведет дело с самого начала, а получает все материалы незадолго до суда); адвокат высшего ранга

brief /briːf/ - 1) краткое письменное изложение дела с привлечени-

ем фактов и документов, ссылок на законодательные акты и юридические прецеденты, с которыми сторона намерена выступать в суде; 2) записка по делу, представляемая солиситором барристеру || резюмировать, составлять краткое изложение; поручать (адвокату) ведение дела в суде; давать инструкции адвокату

College of Advocates /ˈkɒlɪdʒ əv ˈædvəkeɪts/ = Bar /bɑː(r)/, Chamber of Advocates /ˈtʃeɪmbər əv ˈædvəkeɪts/, Faculty of Advocates

/ˈfæk(ə)lti əv ˈædvəkeɪts/ - коллегия адвокатов

counsel /ˈkaʊns(ə)l/ - юрисконсульт; поверенный; участвующий в

деле адвокат; барристер || советовать, консультировать, давать заключение

drafter /ˈdrɑːftə/ - составитель документа; автор документа, законопроекта, законодательного акта

in-house counsel /ˈɪnˌhaʊs ˈkaʊns(ə)l/ - штатный юрист, работник юридического отдела компании

Inns of Court /ˈɪnz əv ˈkɔː(r)t/ - "Судебные инны" (четыре корпора-

ции барристеров в Лондоне; существуют с 14 века; в школах при этих корпорациях готовят барристеров)

194

jurist /ˈdʒʊərɪst/ - 1) юрист, учёный юрист; писатель по вопросам

права; цивилист; законовед, правовед, 2) адвокат, судья, 3) студент юридического факультета 4) преподаватель права, юриспруденции

Law Society /ˈlɔː səˈsaɪəti/ - Общество юристов (профессиональный

союз солиситоров; может привлекать своих членов к ответственности за нарушение профессиональной этики, исключать из числа солиситоров)

lawyer /ˈlɔːjə(r)/ - юрист; адвокат; консультант по вопросам права, юрисконсульт, юрист-практик

negotiator /nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪtə/ - 1) лицо, ведущее переговоры; сторона в

переговорах; сторона в договоре; 2) посредник, уполномоченный

notary /ˈnəʊtəri/ - 1) нотариус 2) нотариальные конторы

solicitor /səˈlɪsɪtə(r)/ - солиситор, адвокат (дающий советы клиен-

ту, подготавливающий дела для барристера и выступающий только в судах низшей инстанции); поверенный; стряпчий

to practice law /ˈpræktɪs ˈlɔː/ - заниматься юридической практикой, быть юристом

to represent the interests of a client /ˌreprɪˈzent ðə ˈɪntrəsts əv ə

ˈklaɪənt/ - представлять интересы клиента

trial lawyer /ˈtraɪəl ˌlɔːjə(r)/ - адвокат, выступающий в суде первой инстанции; защитник в суде

13.2. SCANNING

Work Activities for Lawyers

1. Lawyer is a general term for a person who is qualified to advise people about the law, to prepare legal documents for them and/or to represent them in a court of law. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services.

2.A lawyer often has several functions: investigator, drafter, negotiator, advisor, and advocate. As a professional the lawyer is usually permitted to carry out the following duties:

3.Oral argument in the courts. Arguing a client's case before a

judge or jury in a court of law is the traditional domain of trial lawyers who specialize in trying cases in court.

In some countries litigants have the option of arguing pro se, or on their own behalf. It is common for litigants to appear unrepresented before certain courts like small claims courts; indeed, many such

195

courts do not allow lawyers to speak for their clients, in an effort to save money for all participants in a small case.

4.Research and drafting of court papers. Often, lawyers brief a court in writing on the issues in a case before the issues can be orally argued. They may have to perform extensive research into relevant facts and law while drafting legal papers and preparing for oral argument.

5.Legal advice is the application of abstract principles of law to

the concrete facts of the client's case in order to advise the client about what they should do next. In many countries, only a properly licensed lawyer may provide legal advice to clients for good consideration. Therefore, even conveyancers and corporate in-house counsels must first get a license to practice, though they may actually spend very little of their careers in court. Failure to obey such a rule is the crime of unauthorized practice of law.

6.Negotiating and drafting contracts. In some countries, the negotiating and drafting of contracts is considered to be similar to the provision of legal advice, so that it is subject to the licensing requirement explained above. In other countries, notaries may negotiate or draft contracts.

7.Conveyancing is the drafting of the documents necessary for

the transfer of real property, such as deeds and mortgages. In some

countries, all real estate transactions must be carried out by a lawyer. 8. Carrying out the intent of the deceased. In many countries,

only lawyers have the legal authority to do drafting of wills, trusts, and any other documents that ensure the efficient disposition of a person's property after death. In the United States, the estates of the deceased must be administered by a court through probate. American lawyers have a profitable monopoly on dispensing advice about probate law.

9. Prosecution and defense of criminal suspects. In many civil law countries, prosecutors are trained and employed as a part of the judiciary; they are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world. In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holding regular licenses who simply happen to work for the government office that files criminal charges against suspects. Criminal defense lawyers

specialize in the defense of those charged with any crimes.

10. Judicial functions. Members of judiciary as a rule are chosen among experienced lawyers. In the decision-making process, judges are expected to be independent and to act without any restriction, interference, improper influence, inducement, pressure or threats. Those who are entrusted to administer justice have unfettered freedom to decide cases impartially, in accordance with their con-

196

science and their interpretation of the facts, and in pursuance of the prevailing rules of the law. Judges are not obliged to report on the merits of their cases to anyone outside the judiciary.

LEXIS

advance - успешно представлять, защищать domain - предметная область, сфера действия

litigant - судящаяся сторона, сторона в гражданском процессе (относится как к истцам, так и ответчикам)

pro se - за себя

small claims court - суд по делам с небольшой суммой иска extensive research - обширные исследования, большая исследова-

тельская работа

draft - составлять проект документа

oral argument - выступление в прениях сторон в суде

good consideration – соответствующее денежное вознаграждение conveyancer - нотариус по операциям с недвижимостью; адвокат,

готовящий документы о передаче прав собственности obey – соблюдать, выполнять

provision - обеспечение, предоставление subject to – подвергаемый; подлежащий

conveyancing - составление актов передачи прав собственности на недвижимость

carry out the intent of the deceased - исполнять волю покойного,

исполнить завещание will - завещание

trust - доверенность; документ о передаче в доверительное управление

disposition - распоряжение, управление (имуществом) probate - доказывание завещания; утверждение завещания dispense - готовить и предоставлять

civil law country – страна с континентальной (цивильной) системой права

common law country - страна с системой, основанной на общем (англо-саксонском) праве; страна-незаконодатель

decision-making process - процедура принятия решения interference – вмешательство, помеха

inducement – побуждение, поощрение unfettered freedom - не ограниченная свобода impartially – беспристрастно, справедливо conscience – совесть, сознательность

in pursuance - во исполнение, согласно on the merits - по существу

197

13.3. QUESTIONS

1. What functional roles are traditionally associated with lawyers?

2.Why are lawyers not allowed to speak for their clients in some small claims courts?

3.What does it mean "to brief a court in writing on the issues in a case"?

4.What is the difference between civil and common law countries in respect of criminal prosecutors?

5.What is a traditional province of trial lawyers?

6.How are the estates of the deceased administered in the United States?

13.4. AGREE OR DISAGREE

1. It is the crime of unauthorized practice of law for conveyancers and corporate in-house counsels to practice even though they have got a license for it.

2.In all countries negotiating and drafting of contracts is subject to the licensing requirement.

3.Conveyancing is a synonym to probating.

4.One of the maxims of legal procedure is that litigants may never argue pro se.

13.5. GIVE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS for:

a)консультировать кого-либо по праву;

b)представлять кого-либо в суде;

c)выполнять определенные служебные обязанности;

d)приводить доводы по судебному делу;

e)выступать в суде без помощи адвоката;

f)экономить деньги;

g)получить разрешение на занятие адвокатской практикой;

h)осуществлять сделки с недвижимостью;

i)составлять текст завещания;

j)подавать документы с обвинением в совершении уголовного преступления;

k)беспристрастно выносить решение по делу.

13.6. SCANNING

Legal Profession in England

1. England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers, with separate jobs in the legal system. The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers.

198