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A SIMPLE ALARM CIRCUIT

There are four basic parts to an alarm circuit. First, there is the sounding device, usually a bell; second there is the power supply, which may be a battery or a mains supply. Next, there are the switches which are actuated by the intruder, often referred to as sensors, and finally a control which in its simplest form is just a master switch to switch the whole circuit on or off.

A simple circuit consists of bell, battery, control switch and parallel sensors. The master switch, bell and battery are connected in series, and several sensors in parallel are also connected in series with the bell and battery. These sensors may take the form of door switches that operate when a door is opened, or a pressure pad filled under a carpet that closes the circuit when trodden on. Any number of sensors can be added to the circuit, and the bell will ring when any one of them is operated.

As it stands there is a very serious limitation to this circuit. If the bell rings when a door is opened, it can be stopped by simply shutting the door and thus opening the switch contacts. Alternatively, if the alarm is actuated by a pressure mat, it will stop as soon as the intruder steps off the mat. Obviously, such an arrangement is of little use as a security device.

What is required is a means whereby the alarm once started latches on and any subsequent alteration of the sensor conditions will have no effect at all on its continued sounding. Only switching off at the master switch will then silence it.

This latching facility is an essential part of any alarm system and usually consists of part of the control unit circuit, although it can also be contained in the bell housing.

OUTSTANDING PERSONALITIES OF RUSSIA

For thousands of years people’s mode of life was primitive. In a comparatively short period of time a gigantic leap has been made in science and technology. Much was done by people to reach the present state of human development.

It is necessary to say that great contribution to the development of world science was made by the Russian scientists and inventors. Their names are world-known.

It is almost impossible to name a branch of science in the development of which the Russian scientists haven’t played the greatest role.

M Lomonosov was one of the most learned men in Europe. He was an outstanding innovator both in the humanities and sciences. He founded the first Russian University. He himself was the first University of Russia. Mendeleev’s greatest discovery was the Periodic System of Elements. Popov invented radio. Sechenov and Pavlov were the world’s greatest physiologists.

Russia is rightly called the mother of aviation and interplanetary navigation. Tsiolkovsky is the father of rocket flying. He formulated the principles of jet propelled flying machines for interplanetary communication. Mozhaisky’s aeroplane was the first in the world.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MIT is an independent university located in Boston area. It was founded in 1861 by William Barton Rogers, a distinguished natural scientist, who believed professional competence to be best fostered by the combining of teaching, research, and the application of knowledge to real-world problems. MIT held its first classes in 1865 after having delayed opening because of the Civil War. There were approximately 15 students enrolled at that time.

Today MIT has about 9,700 students, a faculty of approximately 1,000 and several thousand research staff. The total teaching staff numbers more that 1,800. The institute is broadly organized into five academic Schools -Architecture and Planning, Engineering, Humanities and Social Science, Management and Science - and a large number of interdisciplinary programs, laboratories, and centers, including the Whitaker College of Health Science, Technology and Management. A unique feature of MIT is that undergraduates join with graduate students, faculty, and staff to work on research projects throughout the institute.

Most academic activities take place in a group of interconnected buildings designed to permit easy communication among the Schools and their 22 departments. Across the street from this set of buildings there are athletic fields, the student center, and many of the dormitories.

The main purpose of the academic program at MIT is to give students a sound command of basic principles, the habit of continued learning and the confidence that comes from a thorough and systematic approach to learning. This results in continued professional and personal growth, especially in today's rapidly changing world.

The two essential parts of all MIT educational programs are teaching and research. Both of these activities carried on together have greater potential than either performed alone. They provide experience in theory and experiment for both students and teaching staff.

Each student pursues a degree in one of the departments. Undergraduate courses at MIT lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science (S.B.). The academic programs require four years of full-time study for the Bachelor of Science. Degrees are awarded on the basis of satisfactory completion of general institute and departmental requirements in each program.

There is enough flexibility, however, to allow each student, in collaboration with the adviser, to develop an individual program in accordance with his or her own interests and preparation.

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SCIENCE

Now the time has come for mankind to carry out detailed studies of Mars which is known to be a planet in many respects similar to the Earth. It is necessary that man should understand the origin and development of the Solar System in order to understand the history of our own planet and the reasons of the appearance of life on it.

New knowledge about Mars might help us to explain the multitude of natural phenomena occuring on earth and enable us to predict these phenomena, as well as control them. This would help mankind begin exploring the Solar System's resources in the not so distant future.

The most representative community of space research — the International Astronautical Federation (IAF), now incorporating some eighty space agencies, institutes and industrial enterprises in 36 countries — considers the preparation of manned and unmanned expeditions to Mars to be one of its main priorities.

Russia has proposed that a broad international programme of detailed study of Mars and its natural satellites should be carried out. Scientists and space experts suggested that automatic stations for Mars' expeditions should be designed and produced by Russia, and the scientific instruments for them should be jointly prepared by ten countries: six East and four West European. It was reported that the programme would enable us to deliver to Mars the automatic station for global studies of the planet from the orbits of its artificial satellites, determine the most promising areas for detailed investigations and study the planet's atmosphere by landing special vehicles as well as balloons.

A new generation of the Phobos space probes has been developed for this purpose in Russia. It should be noted that these probes are sophisticated programmed space robots. They are believed to be the basic means for the expedition to Mars. It is planned to launch six unmanned spacecrafts. The spacecraft to be launched to Mars is to make a soft landing on the planet and send a self-propelled vehicle, so-called rover, to gather soil samples and specimens of Mars rock. It is to travel several hundred kilometers on Mars' surface, encountering storms, frosts and heat.

Besides being a major step in the progress of space science, the implementation of the programmes described may serve as a transitional stage from the study of space to its exploration for the benefit of earth.

TELECOMMUNICATION

A group of people enter a room, the lights go down, the screens come... the videoconference is under way.

Tomorrow's scientific fiction has become today's new technology - daily reality for global companies who recognize the importance of regular communication between groups of people in different locations round the world.

Essentially the videoconference room resembles a usual conference com. Delegates sit along one side of a table facing their colleagues on screen on the other side. They can see, hear and talk to each other simultaneously and can present slides of diagrams, even pieces f equipment. The technology is relatively simple. A device called video codec takes the picture, digitalizes it for transmission over a special network and reforms the picture at the other end.

The problem today is to manufacture codec to the new international standard and to improve picture quality through faster transmission needs. Research and development is also focusing on mobile videoconferencing with broad cast quality pictures which enable to have instant communication with colleagues around the world.

There is no doubt about the effectiveness of videoconferencing, as tie videoconference eliminates the working time lost through travel.

VORONEZH INSTITUTE OF THE FEDERAL PENAL SERVICE

Voronezh College of the Ministry of Justice of Russia was set up in 2001. In 2007 it was transformed into the Institute of the Federal Penal Service of Russia. It is situated in the regional center of Voronezh, about 500 km south of Moscow.

Our Institute has three departments: full-time; correspondence and special (non-budget). Besides there are courses of improving qualifications for the officers of the correctional and educational establishments.

The Institute trains officers for agencies of the Ministry of Justice. During their study at the Institute they are cadets and privates of the Internal Service. They wear uniforms.

Cadets learn social and economic subjects, law disciplines, skill-oriented subjects and some theoretical courses such as physics, fundamentals of radioengi-neering, radioelectronic devices, civil and labour law, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law and criminology, criminal process, criminalistics, theory of legal history and state.

After a five years term of studies the graduates get a diploma and a special rank of lieutenant of the Internal Service.

According to the training curriculum the Institute cadets have special training courses, such as range practice, tactics, drill training. They have all possibilities to prove their physical skills in a number of gymnasia and they train to shoot in the shooting gallery.

The special law faculty is aimed on the graduating civil lawyers. The students study the principles of academic law rather than legal principles of its practicing. Skills of interpretation and logical reasoning are developed. The students read law for five years. The range of subject on offer is wide - Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Civil Law, Criminal Law, Criminology, Criminalistics, State and Legal History, etc. According to preference a student may develop his or her interest in a particular law area. A special law faculty graduate gets a diploma of a lawyer and may serve in any sphere of Russian legal system (prosecution, advocating, judging etc.)

VORONEZH MILITIA INSTITUTE

Voronezh Militia Institute is a state higher educational and research institution of the Russian Ministry of the Interior. It is situated in the regional centre of Voronezh, about 500 km south of Moscow. The Institute has international contacts with research, academic institutions and law enforcement agencies.

Voronezh Militia Institute has four departments: the radio-engineering department, the law department, the special department and the correspondence department. Besides, there are higher specialisation courses, the external studies department and specialised post-graduate courses.

There are twenty four chairs at the institute. Some of them are the chairs of social-humanitarian subjects, physics, theoretical fundamentals of radioengi-neering, radioelectronic devices and some others belonging to the radioengineer-ing department. The law faculty has 7 chairs: civil and labour law, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law and criminology, criminal process, criminalistics, state and legal history and theory, detective activities.

One can get high standard militia education studying at the radio-engineering department and obtaining one of the two specialities, i.e. "Radio-engineering" or "Information protection". After a five years term of studies the graduates get a special rank of militia lieutenant and a radio-engineer qualification.

The law faculty of Voronezh Militia Institute gives great possibilities for cadets to master two specialities: "Law" and "Law enforcement".

According to the training curriculum the Institute cadets have special training courses, such as range practice, tactics, drill training. They have all possibilities to prove their physical skills in a number of gymnasia and they train to shoot in the shooting gallery.

All cadets are privates of the Militia and wear service uniforms. Every Institute graduate gets a diploma and a special rank of lieutenant of the Militia.

The special law faculty is aimed on the graduating civil lawyers. The students study the principles of academic law rather than legal principles of Militia practicing. Skills of interpretation and logical reasoning are developed. The students read law for five years. The range of subject on offer is wide - Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Civil Law, Criminal Law, Criminology, Criminalistics, State and Legal History, etc. According to preference a student may develop his or her interest in a particular law area. A special law faculty graduate gets a diploma of a lawyer and may serve in any sphere of Russian legal system (prosecution, advocating, judging etc.)

THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN

In theory, the British constitution has three branches: Parliament, which makes laws, the government, which 'executes' laws, and the law courts, which interpret laws. Although the Queen is officially head of all three branches, she has little direct power.

Parliament has two parts: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the voters of 650 constituencies. They are known as MPs, or Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister, or leader of the Government, is also an MP, usually the leader of tie political party with a majority in the House of Commons.

The Prime Minister is advised by a Cabinet of about twenty ether ministers. The Cabinet includes the ministers in charge of major government departments or ministries. Departments and ministries are run by civil servants, who are permanent officials.

Members of the House of Lords (peers) are not elected. About 70 per cent of them are «hereditary peers» because their fathers were peers before them. The other 30 per cent are «life peers», whose titles are not passed on to their children.

The Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) serve the House of Lords as the ultimate court of appeal. This appeal court consists of some nine Law Lords who hold senior judicial office. They are presided over by the Lord Chancellor and they form a quorum of three to five when they hear appeal cases.

Parliament

Functions of Parliament

• making laws

• providing money for government, through taxation

• examining government policy, administration and spending debating political questions.

The Government

Functions of the Prime Minister

• leading the majority party

• running the Government

• appointing Cabinet Ministers and other ministers

• representing the nation in political matters

The Law Courts

There are two main kinds of courts, and two main kinds of judicial officers to correspond with them. Courts of first instance are presided over by magistrates, who are normally Justices of the Peace (JPs); higher courts (crown courts) by judges, or in some cases, senior barristers specially appointed to perform judicial functions for part of their time.

THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES

The constitution adopted by the thirteen states in 1790 sets the basic form of government: three separate branches, each one having powers over the others. The ultimate power under the Constitution is not given to the President (the executive branch), or to the Congress (the legislative branch), or to the Supreme Court (the judicial branch). It belongs to "We the People", in fact and in spirit.

There are several basic principles' which are found at all levels of American government federal, state, county, local.

One of them says that legislators are elected from geographical districts directly by the voters.

Another fundamental principle of American government is that because of the system of checks and balances, compromise in politics is a matter of necessity, not choice.

Congress, the American Parliament, is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 100 Senators, two from each state. The House has 435 members.

Congress makes all laws, and each house of Congress has the power to introduce legislation. Each can also vote against legislation passed by the other. Congress decides upon taxes and how money is spent. It regulates commerce among the states and foreign countries. It also sets rules for the naturalization of foreign citizens.

The President of the United States is elected every four years for a four-year term of office (8 years), but that's the maximum.

Within the Executive Branch, there are a number of executive departments. These are the departments of State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Resources, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy and Education. The head of each department (called a Secretary) is appointed by the President.

The third branch of government is the federal Judiciary. Its main instrument is the Supreme Court, which watches over the other two branches. It determines whether or not their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution. The Supreme Court consists of a chief Justice and eight associate Justices. They are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate.

In addition to the Supreme Court Congress has established 11 federal courts of appeal and, below them, 91 federal, district courts. But the Supreme Court has direct Jurisdictions.

STATE SYSTEM OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Under the Constitution adopted in 1991 Russia is a Presidential Republic. The name of the country is stated by the Constitution as the Russia Federative Republic. The head of the state is President.

All legislative power in the country is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation. It is made up of the representatives of all the subjects of the Federation (two representatives from each subject). The Council enforces federal laws adopted by the State Duma, and all the decrees issued by the President.

The Lower Chamber of the Federal Assembly is the State Duma. It is made up of 450 deputies. The Duma introduces, considers and adopts new bills. A new bill must be approved by a majority vote. In order to become a law, the bill must be also enforced by the Council and then by the President.

The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vote for a four year term. Each Chamber is headed by a Speaker who is elected by the members of the Chambers.

The executive branch is represented by the President and the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister.

The President is the head of the state and the commander-in-chief of the Russian army. The President decides domestic and international matters, makes treaties, issues decrees, enforces federal laws adopted by the Federal Assembly. The President also forms the Government and appoints the Prime Minister whose candidacy must be approved by the State Duma. Thus the two powers balance each other.

An important role in the Russian state system plays the Constitutional Court. It represents the judicial branch. The Constitutional Court may veto any federal law adopted by the Federal Assembly, or a decree issued by the President if the Court regards them contradictory to the Constitution.

The symbol of Russia is a three-colored flag which replaced the red one in 1991, It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. White represents peace, blue represents loyalty, and red stands for valor.

The emblem of Russia is a double-headed eagle, the most ancient symbol going back to the dynasty of the Ruricovichies.

COMPUTER CRIME

Computer crime is broadly defined as unauthorized access to, use of, alteration of, or taking of another person's computer systems or files. This activity is illegal even if the person does not intend to do any harm.

Corporate and government computer systems are the most popular targets of computer crime. Some people who work for corporations or the government may try to sell information to business rivals or foreign governments. Others may use computers to embezzle money.

Most of those who gain unauthorized access to computer systems are "hackers." Hackers, sometimes high-school or college-age persons, intentionally try to break into computer systems. Once hackers enter a system, they usually look at confidential or classified files. Occasionally, a hacker may copy a file and distribute it Hackers annually cause an estimated $1 billion worth of damage to computer files. There is disagreement on how hackers should be punished. Many persons feel that hackers are dangerous and should receive jail terms and pay large fines like other white-collar criminals. Others argue that hackers break into systems as a hobby, do not intend any harm, and can be rehabilitated.

Some hackers release "viruses" or "worms" into computer systems. Viruses are computer programs designed to play practical jokes or destroy data and damage computer files. Worms are designed to slow down computer systems but not to destroy data. Both viruses and worms are prohibited by computer crime laws.

The federal government (USA) has also been carefully watching computer bulletin board systems. Bulletin boards allow users to exchange computer files and messages using computers and modems. Some of these bulletin boards make commercial software programs available to users. However, making the programs available without the publisher's permission is illegal.

Another type of computer crime occurs when someone illegally copies software he or she has purchased. Software companies lose over $2 billion each year to illegal copying. A person who opens a software package is agreeing to use the software on one computer only. This person is allowed to make copies of the software only to use as a backup. Placing software on more than one computer without the publisher's permission is illegal and violates federal copyright laws. The violator is subject to a possible jail term and a fine of up to $250,000. Violators can include individuals, businesses, and schools.

Despite the attention given to computer crimes, most probably go unreported. Many companies are reluctant to publicize their vulnerability to computer criminals. Also, many are discouraged by the resources and time needed to prosecute individuals.

MY FUTURE PROFESSION

Now I am a cadet of the Voronezh Institute of the Russian Ministry of the Interior. I am a future militia officer. I'd like to work as a detective. As to my friend Alex he is going to work as an investigator. Our graduates work in all militia services. Before entering the Militia Institute some students worked in militia, so they know this work. We all consider this work to be necessary and important while crime exists in our country.

The principal task of our militia is to fight crime. And one of the main duties of militia officers is to prevent crime. But if a crime has been committed the militia officers should do all they can to detect the offender; it means to locate and apprehend him.

We know that quick and accurate solution of a crime greatly depends on the professional skills of the investigating officers, on their training. That is why we try to master a special course of Detective Activity, various branches of Law, Criminalistics, Crime Psychology and many other special subjects. Nobody can say what crime you will have to face tomorrow, so the militia officers should be educated persons. It is not so easy to investigate crimes, it is difficult to trace and locate criminals. We must know how to interview witnesses, interrogate criminals, we learn all that at our Institute.

Very often the solution of a crime is in the crime scene. When the investigator arrives at the crime scene he examines the scene very carefully. He makes a plan of the investigation. All the evidence in the crime scene must be found, collected and preserved for court presentation. The effectiveness of an investigator largely depends upon his ability to obtain information. The elements of the offence must be established. Identification must be obtained. The investigator works in close cooperation with other officers of the operative group.

The officer of the Criminal Detection Department (a detective) is responsible for the detection of the perpetrator. A great part of detective work is devoted to «finding» missing or wanted person. The search for a person may be a simple matter, but in many cases, however, it may become a complicated task. The solving of a case frequently depends upon locating the perpetrator. The proper presentation of a case in court involves the discovery and identification of witnesses. The detective also takes measures for search, discovery and seizure of the stolen property and instruments of the crime.

There are some people in our society who don't want to live an honest life, who try to profit at the expense of our state. The task of an officer of Economic Crimes Department is to reveal the criminal activity of such people and to provide their punishment. Some of us will work as divisional inspectors. The divisional inspectors are responsible for maintaining public order in their areas.

Our future work whatever it would be is noble and necessary. Our objective is to protect life and property of our people.