3. The structural classification of phraseological units suggested by a.I.Smirnitsky.

He classified two types. He offered a classification system for English phraseoogical units which is interesting as an attempt to combine the structural and the semantic principles. Here phraseological units are grouped according to the number and semantic significance of their constituent parts.

1) One-top or one-summit. Among one-top he pointed out three structural types;

a) units of the type (verb+postposition type) or verbal-adverbial units. They are equivalent to verbs in which the semantic and the grammatical centres coincide in the first constituent

b) units of the type “to be tired” or units equivalent to verbs which have their grammatical centre in the first constituent but their semantic centre in the second. Some of the units remind the Passive voice in their structure but they have different prepositions with them, while in the Passive voice we can have only prepositions “by or with”

c) prepositional-substantive units either to adverbs or to copulas and having their semantic centre in the substantive constituent and no grammatical centre

One-summit units, which have one meaningful constituents.

2) Two-top or two-summit, multi-summit which have two or more meaningful constituents. They are classified into:

a) attributive-substantive or attributive-nominal equivalent to nouns (black art);

b) verbal-substantive or verb-nominal equivalent to verbs (to take the floor);

c) phrasalogical repetitions equivalent to adverbs (now or never, ups and down, back and forth, cakes and ale, as busy as a bee); such units can be built on antonyms, components in repetitions are joined by means of conjunctions. These units are equivalent of adverbs or adjectives and have no grammar centre. They can also be partly or perfectly idiomatic. F: cool as a cucumber (partly), bread and butter (perfectly)

d) adverbial (every other day)

50. Compare and contrast the etymological and syntactic classification types of phraseological units and give examples. State out the distinctive features. Prove your answer.

. The syntactical classification of phraseological units suggested by I.V.Arnold.

The syntactical principle of classifying phraseological units is based on their ability to perform the same syntactical functions as words.

1) noun phraseological units denoting an object, a person, a living being

2) verb phraseological units denoting an action, a state, a feeling

3) adjective phraseological units denoting a quality

4) adverb phraseological units

5) preposition phraseological units

6) interjection phraseological uints

In I.V.Arnold’s classification there are also sentence equivalents, proverbs, sayings and quotations.

The thematic or etymological classification of phraseological units suggested by L.P.Smith.

On this principle, idioms are classified according to their sorce of origin, things referring to the particular sphere of human activity, of life, of nature, of natural phenomena. L.P.Smith gives in his classification groups of idioms used by sailors, fishermen, soldiers, hunters and associated with the phenomena and conditions of their occupations. This principle of classification is sometimes called etymological. He also makes a special study of idioms borrowed from other languages, but that is only a relatively small part of his classification system.

Here the phraseological units are grouped according to the names of domestic and wild animals, arts, culture, birds, sport, cooking, agriculture, fishermen, sailors.

The thematic principle of classifying phraseological units has real merit but it does not take into consideration the linguistic characteristic features of the phraseological units.

51. Make up a multiple-choice test which consists of 10-15 points on the theme synonyms and antonyms. Then give your own possible answers to them. – теориялык 38-сурагына карап тест курастыр

52. Make a table of showing the similarities and differences between general and special types of dictionaries. Then give examples. Teorialyk shporda 11) suraktyn sony

53. Make a table showing the similarities and differences between linguistic and encyclopeadic types of dictionaries. Then give examples. Teorialyk surakta 11) suraktyn basy

54. Give a thesis of a lecture devoted to the problems of phraseology and its types, ways of formation. Illustrate with examples, tables or diagrams that show their importance. 23), 24), 27)

55. State out the causes of borrowings and explain each of them. Give examples that show the causes of borrowings. Say which of them we can say as vital, less important, not important at all. Prove your findings. 45) surakta bar

56. Give a short report on comparative and contrastive methods or analysis. Give examples on comparing some linguistic units of English with your own tongue. Pragmo-professionalnyidyn 23)suragynda bar

57. Put the following groupings of English vocabulary according to the structure that words are grouped. Then give characteristic features of each of them. Say which of them are the basic and central grouping. 3)Lexico-grammatical 30) surakta teoriyalyktyn, 1)non-semantic 29) surakta (teor), 2)morphological 66) surak (teor), 5)stylistically neutral and stylistically marked 32) surak (teor),4) emotionally neutral and emotionally marked 10) surakta (teor),6) ideographic and thematic 30) surakta bar (teor).

58. Give a table or diagram that shows the differences between formal and informal types of vocabulary. 34), 35) suraktar (teor/k)

59. Identify the characteristic features of dominant synonyms and illustrate with examples. Say if this notion is same or different in your mother tongue. 1) surak (teor/k)

60. Give 7-10 brainstorming questions devoted to the types of slang words, dialects, regional and territorial variants of English language. Then give your own answers to them. 17)- teorialyk surakka karap kurastyr