29. Match the definitions with the terms:

1) metaphor E. the transfer of the meaning on the basis of comparison

2) amelioration D. the transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the course of time

3) phraseology F. a part of Lexicology which deals with the ready-made units, set expressions

4) loan words G. borrowed word which come from other languages in the process of translation

5) lexicography A. the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries

6) slang C. words which serve to create fresh names for some things that are frequent topics of discourse

7) suffixation B. the type of affixation which serves to form one part

30. A word has linguistic functions. nominative, significative (polysemantic), expressive, communicative, descriptive, pragmatic.

31. Pick up the examples of sound imitation from the list: giggle , ping-pong, buzz, hiss, tinkle, bark.

32. State out the types of form or functional words from the given list:2) articles 5)prepositions 8) conjunctions

PRAGMO-PROFFESSIONAL

1. Give the major criteria for distinguishing between phraseological units and free word groups and proverbs. Consider the following examples and analyze if they are phraseological units or proverbs: 1) proverb 2) phraseolog 3)proverb 4)proverb 5)phraseology

2. Give your points of view on the learned words and their role in the student’s functional and vocabularies.Analyze the extract and say what type of grouping they belong to and style of it: Stylistically neutral and stylistically colored grouping :formal,learned words, fiction, prose

3. Put the following problems of Lexicology according to their nature that Lexicology deals with and give a brief explanation of them: 4.Phraseology, 3.Change of meaning, 1.Affixation, 5.Lexicography, 2.Semasiology.

4. Pick up the derivatives from the following sentence, divide them into morphemes and analyze:

Friend(root)-ly( adj forming suff), listen(root)-er(noun forming suff), dis(prefix)-incline(root)-d(adj forming suff)

5. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units and make up a sentence or situation to show that you understand the meaning of them.

1.A bull in a china shop- a clumsy person, very awkward, 2.to take the bull by the horns- to face a difficultor dangerous situation directly and with courage, 3.the last straw breaks the camel’s back- the last in a series of bad events,etc.that makes it impossible for you to accept a situation any longer, 4.as old as the hills – very old,5. to have butterflies in the stomach- to have a nervous feeling in your stomach before doing sth.

6. Give the meaning of the following phraseological units and give equivalents in your mother tongue. Kick the bucket – to die, red tape- official rules that seem more complicated than necessary and prevent things from being done quickly, play cats and mouse- to play a cruel game with sb in your power by changing your behavior very often, so that they become nervous and do not know what to expect, to wash one’s dirty linen in public-to discuss one’s personal affairs in public, esp sth embarrassing, to show one’s teeth -a threatening tone or show an intention to injure

7. Choose the best suitable functions of phraseological units from the following list and comment on them:

1. the most colourful; units

2.ready-made

3. is used in transferred meaning

9. Speak on the ways of formation and principles of classification of phraseological units in comparison with other languages. Match the classification types of the phraseological units according to the semantic, structural and thematic principles. There are some variants which are extra. 1) Classification of A.V.Koonin –g)

2) Classification of V.V.Vinogradov - d)

3) Classification of A.I.Smirnitsky –a)

4) Classification of L.P.Smith –b)

5) Classification of I.V.Arnold - e)

10. State out the origin of the following translation-loans. Then give the reasons of borrowings according to their importance.

Five- -year plan -russian, wonder child- german, masterpiece-italian, first dancer-italian, collective farm-russian, fellow-traveller-french.

11;35.There are given one of the ways of forming phraseological units. What way is it and explain or prove your version. Sad sack, culture-vulture, fudge and nudge, walkie-talkie. By means of alliteration

12. Give possible definition and functions of the semantic field, then, give the differences in their stylistic type of the lexems belonging to the semantic field of “madness”. Match the lexemes with the categories:

1) Literary, academic or technical in character -b

2) Colloquialisms -d

3) Dated or archaic -c

4) Relatively recent in origin - a

5) Stylistically neutral -e

13. Give possible definition and functions of the synonym. Match the lexemes with the differences:

1) A dialect difference -b

2) A stylistic difference- a

3) A collocational differences -c

4) A difference of emotional feeling or connotation -d

14. You have already known about antonyms and types of it. The following group of words do not belong to the types of antonyms we have discussed at all, but they are opposites. Your task is to explain what are they and match the examples with the types of opposites.

1) Gradable antonyms -b

2) Complementary antonyms -c

3) Mixed antonyms -a

4) Conversness -d

15. Choose the examples of phraseological units according to the following categories and prove your answer.

1) phraseological units with proper names: Cassandra warnings, dumb Dora, Uncle Sam, spoil the Egyptians, come Yorkshire over smb

2) phraseological units with the names of animals: to take the bull by the horns ,as cold as wolf, as dull as a mouse, proud as a dog with two tails

3) phraseological units with the name of parts of body: proud as a dog with two tails, hearty as a back, the right-hand man, , never poke one’s nose out, to have blood on one’s hands, to wear heart on smb’s sleeve, to hand in glove with someone, to keep someone at arms length, , not a dry eye in the house, put heads together,

4) phraseological units with the names of birds or fish: as busy as a bee, lame duck, to teach a bite, to kill the goose that laid on the golden egg, as drunk as a boiled owl

16. There given three controversial problems in the field of terminology. Give your specific characteristic on each problem and say which of them do you mostly close to and why.

Being mostly independent of the context a term can have no contextual meaning whatever. The only meaning possible is a denotational free meaning. No emotional colouring or evaluation are possible when the term is used within its proper sphere. A term can obtain a figurative or emotionally coloured meaning only when takes out of its sphere and used in literary or colloquial speech.

17. Match the following phraseological units with their meanings. Then give their equivalent in your mother tongue and prove you understand the meaning of them.

1) a dark horse -c

2) a bull in a china shop -j

3) a white elephant -h

4) the green-eyed monster -f

5) to let the cat out of the bag -g

6) to bark up the wrong tree- d

7) to cut somebody dead -b

8) to drop a brick -i

9) to wash someone’s dirty linen in public -e

10) to be in the soup –a

18. Give a plan of a seminar devoted to the problems of terms. Identify its aims and objectives, summary and list of problematic questions.

There are several controversial problems in the field of terminology.

1) whether a term loses its terminological status when it comes nto common usage. Under the circumstances numerous terms pass into general usage without losing connection with their specific fields.

2) there are linguists in whose opinion terms are only those words which have retained their exclusiveness and are not known or recognized outside their specific sphere.

3) according to some linguists, an ideal term should be monosemantic. Polysemantic terms may lead to misunderstanding and that is a serious problem in professional communication.

Being mostly independent of the context a term can have no contextual meaning whatever. The only meaning possible is a denotational free meaning. No emotional colouring or evaluation are possible when the term is used within its proper sphere. A term can obtain a figurative or emotionally coloured meaning only when takes out of its sphere and used in literary or colloquial speech.

19. Comment on the general classification of homonyms and compare the following examples with the type:

1) night-knight, piece-peace, sent-cent, rite-write ( the same in sound but different in spelling) -homophones

2) lead-lead, sewer-sewer, tear-tear, wind-wind ( different in sound but same in spelling) -homograps

3) ball-ball, bank-bank, rose-rose, back-back (the same in spelling and sound) –homonyms proper

20. Define the results of semantic change from denotational and connotational points of view. Match the change of word meaning with their equivalents, supply with your own examples. 1) generalization of meaning –a,d,i

2) specialization of meaning – c,e

3) pejoration of meaning –b, h

4) amelioration of meaning –f,g

21. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units and say if the equivalents the same or different in your mother tongue.

1) play cats and dogs-

2) to lose one’s heart – to fall in love with sb/sth

3) a wolf in sheep’s clothing –a person who seems to be friendly or harmless but is really an enemy

4) to skate in thin ice-to take a risk

5) to look a gift horse in the mouth –to refuse or criticize sth that is given to you for nothing (usually negative)

22. Give the reals or realities of English, Kazakh or Russian languages. How can we give these notions from one language into another. Explain your reasons.

Every language has its own reals or realities. Reals are the fragments of objective reality which is reflected in the results of experience in brain only of one nation. Examples of reality are events of social life, state and public places, national traditions and customs and also things and actions which are connected with everyday life of nations. Sometimes two languages have words which have similar forms, may be different only in pronunciation typical for languages. F: decade – Декада, conductor – кондуктор, post- почта, poet –поэт. But also cases when the form is same but meaning is different. F: operator-in Russian (a person who shoots the film)- снимающий фильм, in English operator is a person who works in telephone switchboard, diet- не всегда диета but also - пища, стол, institute, academician.

Also some differences in phonetical and grammatical features.