27;42. Define the particular type of word-building process by which the following words were made and say as much as you can about them.

A mike- from microphone; to babysit - from baby-sitter back formation - ; to buzz – from the sound of bee sound-imitation; a torchlight-composition; homelike – composition; theoretical –from theory - affixation; old-fashoned -composition ; to book - conversion; unreasonable - affixation; SALT - shortening; Anglo-American ; to murmur –sound imitation; a pub -; to dilly-dally -reduplication; okay -; eatable - affixation; a greenhorn - composition; a dress coat -conversion; to bang -conversion; merry-go-round -composition; H-bag -shortening; B.B.C. - shortening; to quack – sound imitation; M.P. - shortening; to thunder - conversion; earthquake - composition; D-region - shortening; fatalism - affixation; a find - conversion

28. There are given some examples of semantic change. Explain what type of semantic change do they belong. Prove your answer and give the differentiating features.

e.g. the City –business part of London, Oxford-university town in England, the Tower-originally a fortress and palace, later a prison, now-a museum - specialization

e.g. person-originally a mask used by an actor, now-chairperson, policeperson, salesperson, workperson -specialization

Restriction of meaning is called specialization of meaning or narrowing of meaning. It is gradual process when a word passes from a general sphere to some special sphere of communication. The meaning of a word can specialize when it remains in the general usage. It happens in the case of the conflict between two absolute synonyms when one of them must specialize in its meaning to remain in the language. F: the City –the business part of London, Oxford-university town in England, the Tower-originally a fortress and palace, later a prison, now-a museum, room – originally a space, now-dining room, sleeping room

29. There are given some examples of semantic change. Explain what type of semantic change do they belong. Prove your answer and give the differentiating features.

e.g. knight-originally meant a boy, then a young servant, then a military servant, then a noble man -amelioration

marshal-originally meant a horse man, now it is the highest military rank -amelioration

e.g. villain-originally meant working on a villa, now it means a scoundrel -pejoration

gossip-originally meant god parent, now a chat one’s personal life or matters –pejoration

A change in the connotational meaning may be subdivided into pejoration or degradation of meaning and amelioration or elevation or improvement of the connotational component of meaning. Semantically speaking deterioration or pejoration means the second meaning develops a negative evaluative connotation which was absent in the first meaning. They seem to imply that meanings can become worse which is neither logical nor plausible. Amelioration or elevation is a transfer of the meaning when becomes better in the course of time.

Elevation or amelioration of meaning is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the course of time, e.g. knight – originally meant a boy, then a young servant, then a military servant, then a noble man. Now it is a title of nobility given to outstanding people; marshal originally meant a horse man., now it is the highest military rank.

Degradation or pejoration of meaning is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes worse in the course of time. It is usually connected with nouns denoting common people, e.g. villain-originally meant working on a villa, now it means a scoundrel.