- •7. Put the following problems of Lexicology according to the structure that Lexicology deals with:
- •11. Match the classification types with the Phraseological units
- •12. Put the following grouping of English vocabulary according to the structure that words are grouped:
- •13. Match the change of word meaning with their equivalents
- •14. Match the definitions with the terms:
- •15. State out the types of word meaning from the given list:
- •16. Find out the characteristic features of formal and informal vocabulary
- •17. Match the definitions with the terms:
- •18. State out the types of form or functional words from the given list:
- •19. Match the classification types of grouping of English vocabulary.
- •20. Match the functions with the problems of lexicology
- •21. Match the definitions with the terms:
- •22. State out the types of notional words from the given list.
- •23. Match the classification types with problems
- •24. Match the types of compounds with their definitions:
- •29. Match the definitions with the terms:
- •31. Pick up the examples of sound imitation from the list: giggle , ping-pong, buzz, hiss, tinkle, bark.
- •32. State out the types of form or functional words from the given list:2) articles 5)prepositions 8) conjunctions
- •4. Pick up the derivatives from the following sentence, divide them into morphemes and analyze:
- •5. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units and make up a sentence or situation to show that you understand the meaning of them.
- •23. There is one new direction and source or reason of appearing contrastive analysis or researches. Give other directions and reasons. Then explain your choice. Comment on the given ideas.
- •24. Pick out the metaphors from the following word-combinations and prove that they belong to this group:
- •25. Explain the etymology of the following words and give characteristic features of etymology of English words:
- •27;42. Define the particular type of word-building process by which the following words were made and say as much as you can about them.
- •28. There are given some examples of semantic change. Explain what type of semantic change do they belong. Prove your answer and give the differentiating features.
- •29. There are given some examples of semantic change. Explain what type of semantic change do they belong. Prove your answer and give the differentiating features.
- •30. Explain the etymology and productivity of the affixes given below. Say what parts of speech can be formed with their help. State out why they are productive.
- •31. Explain the logical associations in the following groups of meaning for the same words. Define the type of transference which has taken place. A. Metonymy b. Metaphor
- •47. Make up sentences or situations using the following idioms. Give their equivalents in your mother tongue.
- •48. Make up 5-8 typical or pragmatic-professional tasks on the theme lexicography, types of dictionaries. Then give your own possible answers to them.
- •49. Compare and contrast the semantic and structural classification of phraseological units and give examples. State out the distinctive features. Prove your answer.
- •2. The semantic classification of phraseological units suggested by V.V.Vinogradov.
- •3. The structural classification of phraseological units suggested by a.I.Smirnitsky.
- •50. Compare and contrast the etymological and syntactic classification types of phraseological units and give examples. State out the distinctive features. Prove your answer.
24. Pick out the metaphors from the following word-combinations and prove that they belong to this group:
Green bush, green man - ^, green apple, green with envy -^, the root of a word-^, a fading flower, blooming health-^
25. Explain the etymology of the following words and give characteristic features of etymology of English words:
Sputnik - russian, kindergarten -german, opera- Italian, piano- Italian, potato -italian, tomato-italian, czar-russian, violin -italian, coffee, cocoa, alarm, cargo, steppe-russian, komsomol-russian, banana, balalaika- russian
It is true that English vocabulary, which is one of the most extensive amongst the world’s languages contains an immense number of words of foreign origin. Explanations for this should be sought in the history of the language which is closely connected with the history of the nation speaking the language. An important distinctive feature that Lexicology deals with is etymology. Etymology is the origin of the words. According to origin the word stock may be subdivided into two main sets. The elements of one are native, the elements of the other are borrowed.
A native word is a word which belongs to the original English stock, as known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period. A loan word, borrowed word or borrowings is a word taken over another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language.
The native words are further subdivided by diachronic linguistics into the Indo-European stock and Common Germanic origin. The words having cognates in the vocabularies of different Indo-European languages form the oldest layer. Words belonging to the subsets of the native word-stock are for the most part characterized by a wide range of lexical and grammatical valency, high frequency value and a developed polysemy, they are often monosyllabic, show great word-building power and enter a number of set expressions.
The part played by borrowings in the vocabulary of a language depends upon the history of each given language, being conditioned by direct linguistic contacts and political, economic and cultural relationships between nations. It is the vocabulary system of each language that is particularly responsive to every change in the life of the speaking community. The source, the scope and the semantic sphere of the loan words are all dependent upon historical factors. The very fact that up to 70% of the English vocabulary consist of loan words, and only 30% of the words are native is due not to an inherent tolerance of foreign elements but to specific conditions of the English language development.
26. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and write them out in three columns: A) Simple neutral compounds: a heavy topcoat, a car’s windshield , to howl long and wolf-like ;B) Neutral derived compounds: An air-conditioned hall, a glass-walled room, a loud revolver-shot, a high-pitched voice, a snow-white handkerchief, a radio-equipped car, thousands of gold-seekers, a big hunting-knife, a lightish-coloured man; C) Neutral contracted compounds: to fight against H-bomb, big A.A. guns, to go into frantic U-turns, to fix M-Day.