Судоводы - 9 семестр / Видищева Т.В., Монастырская О.И. - English in Maritime Business and Law (2014)

UNIT 15

VOYAGE CHARTER AGREEMENTS

P a r t 1

Vocabulary

• Voyage charter party - рейсовый чартер

•To be seaworthy - обладать хорошими мореходными качествами

• Warranty o f seaworthiness - гарантия мореходности

•To exercise due diligence - проявлять должное прилежание, исполнение обязанностей

• Want (lack) o f due diligence - отсутствие должного старания, прилежания

•Loadline- грузовая марка

•Peril o f the voyage - опасность морского предприятия

•Cargoworthy - приспособленный для перевозки конкретного груза

• Intaken weight o f cargo - количество груза, взятое на борт

•Outturn weight - вес груза, установленный после его выгрузки с судна

• Lumpsum freight - твердая сумма фрахта, люмсум, аккордный фрахт

• Bill o f ladingfreight - фрахт по коносаменту

• Advance or pre-paidfreight - аванс фрахта

•Pro-rata freight - фрахт пропорционально пройденному пути, дистанционный фрахт

•Ad valorem freight - фрахт, исчисленный со стоимости груза

•То evaporate - испаряться

•A grab - грейфер, ковш

•Refundable - возмещаемый

•Negotiable B/L - оборотный коносамент

•Over-carrying - завоз груза в другой порт (по недосмотру)

•Short-shipped - недогруженный

•Detention - сверхконтрсталия, простой судна сверх обусловленных дней, за которые выплачивается демередж

•То waive the right -отказаться от прав

Exercise 1. Read the text. Learn the name of the clauses and their Russian equivalents. Answer the questions

Voyage charter party clauses

A general purpose dry cargo voyage C/P will usually incorporate clauses covering the basic provisions tabulated below.

The provisions may be expressed in different C/Ps by clauses bearing different names, or by numbered clauses with no names. Rider clauses, as agreed upon the parties, will generally be appended to the standard clauses.

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'~~Name of clause

'preamble

Преамбула

Owner’s Responsibility Ответствен ность владельца

M atters covered in clause

Identity of parties; identity of vessel; warranty of seaworthiness; present position; expected date of readiness to load; obligation to proceed to loading port; identity of and safety of loading port; amount and nature of cargo; obligation to proceed to and identity of discharge port; obligation to deliver cargo

Responsibility of owners for loss of or damage to goods or delay in delivery of goods; exclusion of owner’s liability for loss of or damage to goods or delay in delivery of goods

	Deviation	Liberty of vessel to call at ports in any order; liberty of vessel to tow and assist
	Отклонения
		vessels; liberty of vessel to deviate for purpose of saving life or property
	от курса
	Freight	Rate and amount of payment of freight
	Фрахт
	Laytime	Duration of laytime allowed; exceptions to laytime; commencement of laytime and
	Сталийное	manner of tendering of notice of readiness
	время
	Demurrage	Duration of demurrage allowed; whether demurrage allowed at loading and/or
	Демередж	discharge ports
	Lien	Whether the owners are to have a lien on cargo for freight, deadfreight, demurrage
	Залоговое	and/or damages for detention; whether the charterers are to be responsible for
	право	freight and demurrage, etc..incurred at the discharge port
	Bills o fLading	Master’s obligation to sign bills of lading
	Коносамент
	Laydays and	Laydays; canceling date; conditions under which charterers have option to cancel
	Cancelling	charter; charterers’ obligation to declare intention to exercise option to cancel, if
	Сталийные	applicable
	дни и
	канцелинг
	General	Rules under which any General Average is to be settled; obligation of cargo owners
	Average	to pay cargo’s share of General Average expenses
	Общая
	авария
	Agency	Owner’s (charterer’s) obligation to appoint agents at loading and discharge ports
	Агент
	Brokerage	Amount of brokerage commission due and party to whom payable
	Брокерская
	комиссия
	Strikes	Allocation of responsibility for consequences of strikes or lock-outs preventing
	Забастовки	fulfillment of obligations
	War Risks	Liberty of owner to cancel charter in event of outbreak of war; liberty of master to
	Военные
		sail from loading port before completion of loading in event of outbreak of war
	риски

Ill

	Ice	Liberties of master in event of inaccessibility of, or threat of trapping at, loading
	Ледовые
		and/or discharge ports due to ice
	условия
	Clause
	Paramount	Identity of liability regime applying to bills of lading issued
	Оговорка
	Парамаунт
	New Jason
	Clause	Protection of owner against US lawsuits where General Average is to be adjusted
	Новая
		in accordance with US law
	оговорка
	Джейсона
	Both to Blame
	Collision
	Clause
	Оговорка о	Protection of owner against US lawsuits in collision cases
	взаимной
	ответственно
	сти при
	столкновении
	Law And
	Arbitration	Jurisdiction to which any dispute will be referred; place of any arbitration;
	Законодатель
	ство и	appointment of arbitrators
	арбитраж

Warranty of seaworthiness

Unless a contract of carriage by sea has an express provision concerning seaworthiness, the absolute (common law) obligation, known as the warranty o f seaworthiness, is implied in the contract.

In a charter party the absolute warranty of seaworthiness is usually moderated, however, to an undertaking that the shipowner or carrier will only exercise due diligence to make the vessel seaworthy before sailing.

For a shipowner or carrier to exercise due diligence he must:

1) Make a reasonable and careful inspection and perform maintenance of the vessel in accordance with the custom of the trade;

2) Do this before the commencement of the voyage.

Due diligence is a clause that implies that “The carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried

Exercising due diligence to ensure that a vessel is seaworthy would therefore mean, for example, ensuring that:

- class surveys and statutory safety construction, equipment and loadline surveys are carried out and passed in accordance with current requirements (i.e. the vessel is technically seaworthy);

- the cargo spaces are fit for the reception and carriage of the cargo and that the cargo is properly loaded and stowed taking into account the expected perils o f the voyage (the vessel is ‘<‘cargoworthy”);

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- the vessel is properly equipped and supplied for the expected duration of the voyage in terms of sufficient competent crew, navigational equipment and supplies stores, provisions and spares, bunker fuel, fresh water, etc. (“fittednessfor the voyage”).

Owners' Responsibility Clause

is a BIMCO (Baltic and International Maritime Conference has an international membership of shipowners, shipbrokers, agents and P&I Clubs) clause that states the conditions under which the owners will be responsible for loss, damage or delay of the goods, to the exclusion of all other causes.

Owners will usually accept liability only

- where the loss, damage or delay has been caused by the improper or negligent stowage of the goods (unless the stowage is performed by shippers or charterers or their stevedores or servants);

- by personal want o f due diligence on the part of the owners to make the vessel in all respects seaworthy and to secure that she is properly manned, equipped or supplied.

Freight Clause

specifies the freight rate, how freight will be calculated, when it must be paid and the arrangements for payment. Details of bank accounts may be in a separate document annexed

to the C/P.

Freight is the remuneration payable by the charterers to the owners for the performance of the contract. It may be called charter partyfreight in the contract.

FREIGHT IS PAID

1.is payable in US dollars in the deep-sea trades, but may be payable in local currency in short-sea trades.

2.must be paid, under common law, and in the absence of any term to the contrary, on delivery of the cargo to the consignee or his receiver at the

agreed destination.

3. is normally paid in accordance with the term of a “Freight Clause” which stipulates the amount of freight, the time for payment and the method of payment.

4.is often paid under C/P terms partially in advance, e.g. on loading, or on the issue of Bs/L.

5.may depend on amount of the intaken weight of cargo, or (less commonly) on the outturn weight, the cargo volume, cargo value.

6.is payable in advance, is collected by the agent at the loading port before issue of Bs/L marked

“Freight Pre-Paid”.

7.if payable on delivery of the goods, is collected from the consignee or his receiver by the port agent on thefirst presentation ofan original B/L.

FREIGHT IS NOT PAID

1.is not paid unless the entire cargo reaches the agreed destination, even if not the carrier's fault, e.g. if the voyage is abandoned after a

General Average act. (The owners usually protect themselves by insuring against possible loss of freight, so that in case of General Average the loss of freight insurers become a party to the “common maritime adventure”)

2.is not paid where the owners have breached the contract. When cargo is delivered damaged, however, full freight is normally payable and a separate claim is presented by the cargo owners for the damage.

3.is not payable on delivery if the goods have lost their “specie”, i.e. changed their physical nature.

Freight may be of the following kinds: ordinary or charter party freight (described above); lumpsum freight; bill o f lading freight; advance or pre-paid freight; pro-rata freight; or ad valorem freight.

1.Lumpsumfreight

-is a fixed sum payable irrespective of the amount of cargo carried. The owners guarantee a specified cargo capacity for charterers’ use

-	is useful in “mixed cargo” charters where cargoes are of varying densities
-	is more common in the tanker trades than in dry cargo trades

2. Bill of Ladingfreight

- is freight calculated on shipped or intaken weights, as stated in a bill of lading

- is used in trades where intaken and outturn weights are likely to differ, e.g. where: oil evaporates during the voyage;

ice melts on timber after loading; grabs can’t discharge all of a cargo;

-is the usual type of freight stipulated in tanker charter parties;

-may be payable in advance or at destination.

3. Advance orprepaidfreight

-is often demanded by carriers of dry cargo, and is the usual type of freight in the liner trades.

-may be the TTL freight or an agreed proposition of it, payable in advance at the

loading port, the balance being payable on delivery of the cargo

-	is deemed to be earned as the cargo is loaded
-	is not refundable if the vessel and cargo are lost
-	is commonly required where cargo is shipped under a negotiable B/L, as buyers of

goods covered by a Bill of Lading often require a “freight paid” B/L.

4. Pro-ratafreight

- is payable in common law where only part of the voyage has been completed, e.g. when the voyage is abandoned following an outbreak of war or an accident, and the cargo is discharged at an intermediate port, or if the vessel had to leave port because of the onset of

ice.

- is not “freight” in the normal sense, but the shipowner's compensation for carrying the goods at least part-way to their destination.

5. A d valorem freight

- is freight charged at a rate stated as a percentage of the value o f a shipment, usually of high - value goods.

- is one on which the value of the cargo is recorded, and under which the carrier waives his right to limit his liability to the goods owner under the package limitation provisions in the contract, usually in return for the higher ad valorem freight.

- P&I clubs do not normally cover owners for liabilities in connection with highvalue cargos, and owners must usually make other insurance arrangements.

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6.B ack freight

-is freight paid by a shipper for the return carriage o f goods not delivered to or not accepted by their receiver or consignee.

-is normally not mentioned in C/P terms.

If the non-delivery or no-acceptance was the vessel's fault (e.g. due to over­ carrying), no back-freight will be payable.

7. Deadweight

is not genuine freight, but owner's compensation for lost freight, payable by the charterers on a quantity o f cargo short-shipped, i.e. a quantity which he agreed, but failed to load. For example, if the C/P agreement was that the charterers would load 70,000 tonnes o f wheat, but he loaded only 60,000 tonnes, the shipowner will claim deadfreight on 10,000 tonnes at the agreed rate o f freight. (Some shipowners place deadfreight claim form s on board, on which the master quantifies the amount short-shipped).

The sample of a deadfreight claim

N ame o f vessel

Port o f_______ 1*

Date__________

DEADFREIGHT CLAIM

Please be advised that according to the terms o f the C/P, the vessel was fixed for loading_____________________MT of_________________________________________

Vessel tendered on NOR for_____________ MT

According B/L vessel only received____________________MT

Deadfreight_________________ MT

As per C/P terms, please be advised that undersigned, Master o f_____________ ,

on behalf o f owners and charterers reserve all rights to claim deadfreight for the total o f the shortloaded quantities.

Yours faithfully,

M aster

Tendered to___________

Received by___________

1.Who is responsible fo r seaworthiness o f a vessel?

2.Explain the difference between “cargoworthy” and “seaworthy".

3.What are the freight terms ofpayment?

4.What measures should be taken while breaking the contract by the owners?

5.What does “Exercise due diligence " mean?

6.What types o f freight do you know?

7.What are the distinguishedfeatures offreight types?

8.What information should be obligatory included in the deadfreight claim?

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Exercise 2. F ind the nouns in the text to complete the follow ing collocations (different variants are possible). Use them in your own sentences_____________________

VERBS	|	N O U N S
To equip	j	A vessel
To supply	\
	I
To carryout
To damage
Toperform
To calculate
To stipulate
To specify
To abandon
To breach
To collect
To remunerate

Exercise 3. Complete the freight offer with the proper prepositions. Translate into your native language

Dear Sir

j	Thank y o u _____ your			enquiry regarding	the	tra n sp o rt_______ 50	to n n e s ______
i	palletized house bricks. Our offer is asfollows:
			M .V MANHATTAN_____ $ 50 per m etric
j			tonne or 10 cubic metres,			at steam er's
				option,_____ 4 laydays
	A s can be s e e n ________the enclosed sailing card, the vessel is currently located in
j Marseille		and	is due ______ dock ______		Southampton ________		November 3(fh.
j Loading		will	commence	_________December		1st _________ an additional charge
\ ______ $ 2 5 0 _____ every day o f demurrage.

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I f you accept this offer please forward us the charter party_____quadruplicate to enable us to issue the necessary instructions________ the ship s captain.

We lookforward______ your early reply. Yours sincerely

(at steamer *s option - по выбору судна (судоходной компании); sailing card - расписание судов)

Exercise 4. Match the peculiarities with the different kinds offreight (B/Lfreight (B/L); Prepaid freight (P/P); Prorata freight (P/R); Ad valorem freight (A/V); Back freight (B/F); Deadfreight (D/F)

1.It’s used for very expensive goods_______________________

2.A consignor pays for the goods which haven’t been delivered to the port of destination_________

3.The voyage hasn’t been over because of valid reasons___________________

4.Dry cargo should be loaded under a negotiable bill of lading__________________

5.Missing cargo should be claimed by a shipowner___________________

6.It’s used for bulk cargo_______________

Exercise 5. Match terms with their definitions

1.	Distressfreight					A. Set up and defend a legitimate claim
2.	Freight at destination					B. A document that allows trading of the
	Freight, demurrage and defence					goods it describes
3 .						C. Cargo to be stowed at reduced rates into
	Negligence clause					unused stowage space
4.						D. Charterer will pay a fixed amount of
	Lumpsum charter					money, irrespective of the amount of cargo
						£. Insurance against latent deficiencies
	General average					F. Freight to be paid upon delivery at
	Negotiable B/L					destination
7.						G Indemnity for all parties in case of
						deliberate infliction (нанесение) of damage
						in order to avoid greater damage
1	2	3	4	5	6	7

Exercise 6. Look at the following extracts from contract clauses. A navigation word has been underlined. Link the underlined word to its meaning

Contract clauses

Meaning

1.now it is hereby agreed....

2.subject as hereinafter provided

3.you will find in the documents herewith attached

4.the first installment becoming

A.by means of or because of that

B.with this document

C.of this event

D.later in this document

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due one month from the date
hereof
5. as thereby stated		E. by means of this document or declaration1*
1_______ 2_______ 3	4	5

Exercise 7. Translate from Russian into English

1.При отдельных перевозках фрахт исчисляется по погруженному количеству.

2.Чартер «Дженкон» в ледовой оговорке и пункте о забастовке обусловливает уплату дополнительного фрахта пропорционально пройденному расстоянию, если судно будет направлено для выгрузки в более дальний порт, чем первоначальный пункт назначения.

3.Фрахт люмпсум практикуется при перевозке разнообразного груза, вес и кубатуру которого заранее трудно определить. Тогда в чартере указывается грузоподъемность судна и кубатура грузовых помещений для размещения груза. Этот тип фрахта взимается с условием, что стоимость погрузки и выгрузки оплачивается фрахтователем.

4.Фрахт исчисляется обычно в валюте места платежа, т.е. в валюте страны отправления или назначения.

5.Если фрахтователь виновен в том, что к погрузке предъявлено не все количество груза, то за недогруженное количество фрахтователь обязан заплатить полный фрахт, исключая стоимость погрузки и выгрузки, если они входили во фрахтовую ставку.

UNIT 16

VOYAGE CHARTER AGREEMENTS

P a rt II

Vocabulary

• Clause Paramount - Оговорка «Парамаунт» •New Jason Clause - новая оговорка Джейсона •Lawsuit - судебный процесс

• То exonerate a ship- освободить судно

•Laydays -	сталийные дни, установленное чартером количество дней для
грузовых операций или		докования судна
• Cancelling	date	(cancellation) - канцеллинг; расторжение договора ввиду

нарушения своих обязательств одной из сторон, например, опоздание прибытия судна в порт в установленный чартером срок

•Laytime - сталийное время

• То compel - заставлять

•Despatch days - разница между расчетным количеством дней, отведенных на выполнение грузовых операций, и фактически затраченными днями (за экономленное время судовладелец выплачивает фрахтователю обусловленную сумму)

•Despatch (dispatch) - диспач; компенсация фрахтователю за досрочное завершение грузовых работ

•Reversible - взаимный зачет простоя и диспача по погрузке и выгрузке

•Customary dispatch (CD) - обычное обслуживание согласно обычаям данного

порта

•Customary quick dispatch (CQD) - с обычной скоростью (о норме погрузки и выгрузки)

•A computation - вычисление

•Demurrage - демередж, сумма, подлежащая выплате судовладельцу для компенсации убытков, происшедших из-за простоя судна в порту сверх времени, предусмотренного для выполнения грузовых операций

•Salvage - спасение имущества (груза)

• То procure - добиваться •Amount due - сумма долга •Arrived ship - прибывшее судно

Parti

Exercise 1. Read the text and answer the questions

Clause Paramount

A Clause Paramount (sometimes named “General Param ount Clause”).

The word ‘paramount’ means ‘supreme’ or ‘above all others’. The phrase ‘paramount clause’ would seem to imply that all clauses in printed contract of carriage, whether it be contained in a charterparty or bill of lading, would be subject to the terms incorporated by the paramount clause.lt incorporates into the contract for carriage one of the three international conventions setting out minimum terms and conditions out of which the carrier

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