Судоводы - 9 семестр / Видищева Т.В., Монастырская О.И. - English in Maritime Business and Law (2014)

Exercise 3. Scan the text and list the verbs that take the nouns as the subject and the object. The left column represents the main participants of the shipping procedure. Verbs can be used in active and passive voices. Follow the scheme N+V+N

Noun	Verb	Noun
e.g. 1. S H I P P E R	te n d e r s	B /L __________________

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2 . C H I E F M A T E

3 . A G E N T /

A U T H O R I T Y

4 . C O N S I G N E E

Exercise 4. Scan the text “What is “apparent good order and condition?”. Fill in the gaps using thefollowing verbs. Translate into your native language

Refers to	be verified	stipulates	to withstand	to protect	issue
packed		shipped
Article III Rule 3 of the Hague-Visby Rules (1)_________________ that carriers must at
least state on the bill	of lading the	“apparent good	order and condition” o f the		goods

(2)__________________ if the shipper so demand. This article discusses how members can balance their duty to customers and their right (3)________________ _ themselves from cargo claims.

“Apparent good order and condition ” (4)_____________________ the condition of the goods as would be apparent on reasonable examination, and not the internal condition of the goods on shipment or their quality. If you receive consignments in irregular or doubtful condition, the Club recommends the following guidelines:

Firstly, you should note that when a shipment is stated to be in “apparent good order and condition”, it is also taken to mean it is properly(5)________________ and in such condition as (6)__________________ the ordinary incidents of the voyage. If you receive a

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consignment which is obviously insufficiently packed, you must not

(7)____________________a B/L without reservation.

Secondly, the terms of reservation must be as clear as desirable.

Finally, most Bs/L contain a printed clause such as “all particulars as furnished by the shippers but unknown to the carrier”, or “weight, measure, quality, quantity, condition, contents, and value unknown”. These statements are helpful to protect the carriers when the cargo details cannot (8)___________________________ by reasonable shipping practices and members should make sure that their standard transport documents contain such clauses.

Exercise 5. Translatefrom Russian into English

7.Коносамент является одним из основных документов, применяемых при таможенном оформлении и таможенном контроле товаров, перевозимых морским транспортом. Он удостоверяет право собственности на отгруженный товар.

8.Содержание коносамента определяет правоотношения между перевозчиком груза и его получателем. Коносамент выдается перевозчиком отправителю после

приема груза к перевозке, служит доказательством приема груза и удостоверяет факт заключения договора.

9. Коносамент выполняет 3 основные функции: 1. Является официальной квитанцией судовладельца (перевозчика), подтверждающей, что товары, которые находятся в указанном виде, количестве и состоянии, отправлены в указанное место назначения на конкретном судне; 2. Удостоверяет заключение договора морской перевозки, который фактически заключается до подписания коносамента, и повторяет в деталях его содержание. 3. Является товарораспорядительным документом, позволяющим покупателю распорядиться товарами путем передаточной надписи и предоставления коносамента.

10. Пока судно в пути, коносамент может переменить нескольких владельцев. Покупатель судит о товаре по записям, сделанным в коносаменте. Происходит купля-продажа не собственно груза, а грузовых документов.

UNIT 20

BILL OF LADING

Part II

Vocabulary

•Superimposed - дополнительные

•To indemnify - гарантировать возмещение ущерба

• A letter o f Indemnity (or '‘back letter’) - гарантийное письмо

• To be unsound - непрочный, в ненадлежащем состоянии

•A	“through ” B/L	- сквозной коносамент
•A	“receivedfor shipment" B/L - коносамент на проверенный, но не погруженный
груз
•A	“shipped ” or “on board” B/L - коносамент на груз, принятый на борт судна
•A	“straight” B/L	- именной коносамент
• An “order” B/L		- ордерный коносамент
• A bearer B/L - коносамент на предъявителя
•A	“groupage ” B/L - сборный коносамент
•A house B/L - внутренний коносамент

• A derogatory clause - нарушающий (права)

• То make good - компенсировать

Exercise 1. Read the text and answer the questions

A clean B/L is a B/L bearing no superimposed clauses stating a defective condition or shortage of the goods. It states that the goods have been received “in apparent good order and condition.. without further remarks as to their condition.

A dirty B/L, also known as a “claused’. This is a B/L which contains clauses, stamped, written or typed, either in the body of the document or in the margin, with remarks such as “tom bags”, “rusty drums”, etc. Banks may be reluctant to accept bills o f lading with clauses because clauses could easily be construed as relieving the carrier o f any liability for loss, damage or delay of the goods.

A full set o f “clean on board bills of lading” is normally demanded as a condition of a bank's letter o f credit, and if not issued will prevent early payment o f the exporter by the bank. Pressure may therefore be exerted by a shipper for clean Bs/L to be issued, even where these would not be justified by the actual condition or quantity of the goods.

A letter o f Indem nity (or “back letter*). Such document is a written undertaking by one person to make good the loss another person can suffer as a result o f the act o f the first. For example, the master of a vessel may be promised ”a letter of indemnity” by a shipper for signing a clean bill of lading prepared by a shipper when the master is in doubt as to the condition o f the goods. Another example is where a vessel arrives at the port of delivery of the goods but owing to the documentary credit system the bills o f lading have not yet arrived. The master or agent of the vessel may be requested to deliver the goods to an alleged consignee who produces a “letter of indemnity”, which may or may not be guaranteed by a bank. The first LOI is fraudulent because it’s a false misrepresentation of a material fact. The second may also be fraudulent, especially if it is not guaranteed, thus imposing considerable liability on the carrier. If the LOI is guaranteed by a bank, this means that the bank can also become liable to indemnify the liability of the earner. LOI may be

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offered by	the Shipper prom ising to	indemnify	the master or carrier against any loss	or
liability as	a consequence o f signing	a clean	B/L. However, acceptance of a Letter	of

Indemnity of this type in return for clean Bs/L make the master a party to an act of deception or fraud on banks, consignee / buyer, and insurers, since it is an attempt to obtain payment for goods knowing them to be unsound. There may be personal criminal liability for fraud on the part o f the carrier and the master, and a heavy financial liability on the shipowner, (see annex 13)

Types of B/L

B/L forms are produced in many styles by shipping companies, shippers, charterers, freight forwarders and organizations such as BEMCO. (see annex 14-16)

A “long-form” B/L has spaces or boxes on its front for typed details and numerous printed conditions o f carriage on its back. Most liner shipping companies print their own long-form bills o f lading with their company conditions of carriage on the back. Typically they contain about 30 printed and numbered clauses. The majority of clauses are common to the bills of most major carriers, although the wording may differ.

A “short-form” B/L has only a few standard terms printed on it avoiding the need for shippers to hold stocks of Bs/L for every carrier they use, so that they can prepare the B/L with the required details before presentation for signature.

A “combined transport B/L” covers carriage from door-to door by several modes of transport, which is common in many liner services. Nowadays developing intermodalism can cover the situation where the seller entrusts his goods to one person or company who undertakes to transport or arrange to transport the goods to the buyer’s destination, bearing one regime of liability. The combined transport operator (CTO) takes responsibility for the goods throughout the entire journey and issues the CT bill of lading at its start.

A “through ” B/L is issued when the carriage will involve both sea and other transport models, but different carriers will be involved at each stage, e.g. a railway company, a shipping company, a road haulier. The B/L is issued by the sea carrier but he states on it that he only accepts responsibility for the goods during the sea passage. The B/L is valid for the whole journey and prevents each individual carrier having to issue its own transport document.

A “received for shipment” B/L. It’s a bill of lading issued by the carrier before the goods have been loaded. It is issued for goods received at a freight depot or some other place before loading on the ship. This type of B/L may be issued by a freight forwarder and covers the goods while they are in his care.

When the goods are eventually shipped the “received for shipment” B/L must be replaced by a “shipped” B/L.

A “shipped ” or “on board” B/L is issued by the carrier after the goods are loaded on the carrying ship. Banks may insist on “shipped on board” Bs/L as being safer than the “received” version.

A “straight” B/L. It states that the goods are consigned to a specified persoa It can't be negotiated and it’s marked “Non-negotiable” on its face. Only the consignee stated on the B/L can take delivery of the goods.

An “order” B/L. Most of the Bs/L used in international trade and shipping are of this type. If the B/L shows consignee: “to order”,then the shipper has the power to endorse the bill of lading and give orders to whom the cargo should be delivered. An endorsement is simply the signature of the shipper on the back of the bill of lading. An endorsement in

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blank is Ihc signature of the shipper alone. This means that any person to whom the bill of lading is intentionally passed can claim to be the proper holder of the bill of lading. A special endorsement is where the shipper wishes to direct the shipowner to deliver to a particular person. In that case, the shipper puts his signature and the name of the intended recipient on the bill of lading.

This process converts the order B/L into a “bearer B/L”.

A “bearer B /L ”. This document allows the goods to be delivered to the holder of it. The name of the consignee may be stated as a “bearer”. It may also be an “Order B/L” without stating to whose specific order the bill and delivery of cargo under it are subject. For example, a master or agent may issue B/L naming the shipper. The B/L may be an «Order B/L”, not naming the consignee but leaving the shipper free to endorse the name of the person to whom the B/L will be transmitted. The shipper may then endorse the bill in blank, with no identifiable name, and transmit the document to the buyer as consignee. When the buyer has physical possession of the bill it will be a “Bearer B/L”.

A container B/L is used for the transportation of containerized goods (goods packed in standard - sized CNTRs which are then sealed and not opened until they reach their destination. These CNTRs do not have to be inspected by the customs authorities when crossing borders). Such a B/L covers the road and/ or rail transport necessary to get the goods to and from the ports of shipment and destination.

A “groupage” B/L is used for grouped consignments. The B/L lists the forwarding agent who arranged the grouped consignment as the shipper, and the forwarder in the importing country as the consignee.

A freight forwarder can act as agent for a group of exporters of smaller consignments. The small shipments are “ L e s s th a n C o n t a in e r lo a d ” (L C L ). When the freight forwarder consolidated the consignments, he is called “a groupage contractor” and may issue to each customer certificate of receipt that contains the terms of the contract of carriage between him and the customer. Such documents known as a “house B /L ” which is given to each of the exporters whose goods are included in the grouped consignment. The house B/L then serves as the collection document for the importer, (see annex 17).

Signing Bs/L

The master or his authorized deputy should always check the following when signing a

B/L:

1. The goods have actually been shipped (which may be determined from the ship's copy of any mate's receipt issued; this should be identical to the original mate's receipt issued to the shipper, which should be presented by the shipper when requesting his Bs/L;)

2.The date o f shipment is correct, i.e. as stated on the mate's receipt or standard shipping note;

3.The B/L is not marked “freight paid” or “freight prepaid” if not true;

4. Any clausing o f the corresponding mate's receipt is also contained in the B/L;

5.Reference is made to the charter party where one exists;

6.Any C/P terms do not conflict with the B/L terms;

7.The number of original bills in the set is stated.

E v e r y o r ig in a l in th e s e t m u s t b e s ig n e d .

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Ship's agents and Bill of Lading

Ship's agents should be mindful o f the following points when handling bill of lading:

1.Is the B/L an “on board” or a “received for shipment” bill of lading?

2.Is the B/L properly endorsed if it is a “to order” B/L?

3.Are the alterations or clauses in the B/L properly authenticated by the Master, carrier or his agent and has the “’alteration approved” stamp been added to the alteration?

4.Is there an “on deck” remark?

5.Is there reference to a C/P on the B/L?

6.Is the B/L “clean”, i.e., does it have any derogatory clause referring to the condition, packing or number o f packages?

7.Is there a transhipment clause or remark?

8.Is there a “notify” address?

9.A re the loading and discharging ports properly named?

10.	Do the references to the payment of the freight agree with the manifest and has
j the	freight been collected or is it still due?___________________________________________

1.What does a clean B/L state?

2.What does a dirty B/L mean?

3.	In what case may a letter o f Indemnity be offered?
4.	What does a “combined” B/L cover?
5.	What is the difference between “long-form ” and “short-form ” Bs/L?
6.	When is a “through ” B/L issued?
7.	For what kinds o fgoods is a “received” B/L issued?
8.	When is a “shipped” or “on board” B/L issued?

9.Can a “straight ” B/L be negotiated?

10.For what purpose is a “container” B/L used?

11.Who issues a “house” B/L?

Exercise 2. What kinds of B/L are these?

I	Consignee	Bulk cargo to be sent
	P. Brown or order	from London to
		Copenhagen via Hamburg
:	1	2
J	Goods in Liverpool	Consignee
j
!	awaiting shipment	P. Brown
:	4	5
)	Goods shipped	CNTR to be sent from
1	and waiting to depart	London to Paris via Dover
j		and Calais
!	7	8
!

Case No. 3

missing

3

Goods received in apparent good order and condition

6

Part - loads shipped by Newton’s Forwarding Agency

9

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Exercise 3. Match the definition of type of B/L and the termfrom the list below. There are two extra points

Claused B/L, Received B/L, Shipped B/L, Clean B/L, Through B/L, Groupage B/L

DEFINITION TYPE OF BILL OF LADING

1) B/L issued to a shipper when he delivers the goods into the custody o f the shipowner or his agent before the ship has arrived or before the ship is ready to receive the goods;

2)B/L covering the carriage o f goods to its destination partly by sea and partly overland, or where sea transport occurs by two or more ships;

3)B/L containing clauses that the goods or the packing are not satisfactory, or that the contents, weight, measurement, quality, or technical specification of the goods are not known to the carrier;

4)B/L issued after the goods have actually been loaded into the ship;

5)B/L bearing no clauses or endorsement as to the defective condition of the goods or packaging

6)B/L referring to the goods for a number o f receivers, but the goods is dispatched and carried as one consignment only. For various shippers/receivers under the same B/L separate Certificates of Shipment are issued. Especially suitable for the shipment o f containers. Opposite to Straight or Order B/L

7)B/L issued when the goods are carried by two or more ships

8)B/L bearing the words “or his or their assigns”, also referred to as an “order B/L”

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Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps in the complaint about unclean bills of lading using the following words. Translate into your native language

Tofail		damage	consignment	apparent	to be due
should	a letter of indemnity		to note	insurance certificate
______________negotiable_________ notation_________to review_________________________
Dear Sir or Madam,
We	have	received	the B/L and	(1)_______________	___________________ for the

(2)___________________ of 50 tons of palletized teak on board m.v. “Colombo”, which

(3)____________to dock in Liverpool at the end of this month.

We (4)____________ with dismay, however, that the Bs/L include the(5)____________________”6 pallets damaged”. As you well know, our company sells timber “on water” to European importers and unclean B/L is only (6)_________________________ in

exceptional cases.	We (7)____________ to understand why you didn 7 provide the shipping
company with	a (8)_______________ __________________	as soon as it was

(9)_____________________ that the goods were not in perfect condition.

It only remains to be hoped that the(10)______________________ is to the palates and not to the timber. (11) _____________________ the consignment prove unsaleable we will (12)_____________________ allfuture contracts with your company and seek redress for the loss oftrade._________________________________________________________________________________________________

( to seek redress - требовать удовлетворения)

Exercise 5. Translatefrom Russian into English

1.Коносаменты ордерные и на предъявителя являются оборотными. Они дают их держателю возможность распоряжаться товарами, пока они находятся в пути или заложить коносамент в банк до прибытия товара.

2.При наличии чартера в коносаменте всегда делается ссылка на его условия. При трамповых перевозках массовых грузов коносаменты, как правило, готовит грузоотправитель по форме, обусловленной чартером или по согласованной форме.

3.В международной практике «чистый» коносамент часто выдается перевозчиком грузоотправителю в обмен на гарантийное письмо. В международной практике различаются коносаменты бортовые и на принятый для погрузки груз. Если товары не перевозятся в контейнерах, коносаменты обычно являются бортовыми. Когда судовладелец выдает бортовой коносамент, он подтверждает, что груз погружен на борт судна. Если он выдает коносамент для погрузки на борт судна, он подтверждает, что товары доставлены под его охрану и подготовлены к отправке в контейнерах на заводе, на складе экспортера или на контейнерном терминале вне

порта.

4. Сквозные коносаменты используются, если морская перевозка составляет только часть общей перевозки и товары должны перевозиться разными наземными и морскими перевозчиками. Сквозной коносамент типичен для современных контейнерных перевозок, когда товары перевозятся от места погрузки до места назначения в одних и тех же контейнерах, но различными видами транспорта. Грузоотправитель заключает договор перевозки только с перевозчиком, который подписывает сквозной коносамент.

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5. На первой странице коносамента приводятся условия перевозки, а на второй - сведения о грузе. Пункт 1 обусловливает, что все условия чартер-партии, включая статью об арбитраже, считаются включенными в коносамент и что перевозчик не несет ответственности за недостачу и повреждение груза до погрузки на судно и после выгрузки с него. Пункт 2 содержит текст оговорки «Парамаунт», о применении коносаментных правил от 25 августа 1924. Пункт 3 предусматривает, что при распределении общей аварии применяются Йорк-Антверпенские правила и грузовладелец обязан внести долю общей аварии даже в случае вины, небрежности или ошибки капитана, лоцмана, команды. Пункт 4 содержит текст оговорки Джейсона. Пункт 5 содержит текст оговорки о смешанной ответственности при столкновениях.

UNIT 21

MARINE INSURANCE

P a r t I

Vocabulary •In su re d - застрахованный, страхователь

•Insurer (underwriter) - страховщик

•Insurance adjuster - оценщик размера страхового убытка

•Insurance certificate - страховое свидетельство

•Premium - страховая премия; страховой взнос

•Hull and machinery insurance -страхование корпуса и машинного отделения

• То suffer a loss - понести убытки

•То claim a compensation - требовать возмещения

•То take out insurance - заключить страховку

•Act o f God - стихийные бедствия, действия непреодолимой силы

•Vermin - вредитель

•Cover - (зд.) покрытие

•Coverage - страхование, страховое покрытие

•Cover(ing) note - ковернота, временное свидетельство о страховании

•Total estimated call - требование взноса

•Advance call - предварительный взнос

•Supplementary call - дополнительный взнос

•Refund - возмещение убытков

•Income - доход

•Outgoing(s) - расходы, издержки

• P& I club - клуб взаимного страхования

•Indemnity - возмещение, гарантия от убытков

•Conveyance - перевозка, доставка, транспортировка

Exercise 1. R ead the text and answer the questions

M arine insurance is the oldest form of insurance. Back in the Middle Ages, ships were the most important form o f transport, and their cargo was very valuable. Sometimes, traders would even risk their whole capital with just one shipment. So somebody came up with the idea o f forming a group to spread the risk - and marine insurance was bom. Very

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