Судоводы - 9 семестр / Видищева Т.В., Монастырская О.И. - English in Maritime Business and Law (2014)

The freight forwarder is employed in the liner trades (i.e. container, Ro-Ro and general cargo). They are not necessary in other trades, where the shipping procedures are different.

Many of the larger exporting companies maintain an in-house shipping and distribution department which negotiates contracts of affreightment (COA) or carriage of goods for the company with the shipping line that trades to the area o f the world where the company’s goods are destined.

Traditionally, the freight forwarder filled the need for expertise, with their knowledge of export/import documentation and procedure, plus their wide experience in dealing with shipping companies with regard to contracts and documents.

T h e fr e ig h t f o r w a r d e r c a n o ff e r s e r v ic e s t h a t c o m e u n d e r 4 d is t in c t h e a d in g s .

1.Purely as a shipper’s agent procuring transport and shipping services on behalf of the exporter and under his direction;

2.As a forwarder offering a total expertise package to the exporter with regard to routing and choice of mode together with ancillary documentation and perhaps packing service. With regard to transport he remains an agent for the exporter and bills o f lading are made out in the shipper’s name and to the shipper’s account;

3.As a principal, usually multimodal transport operator, taking responsibility for the goods irrespective of who actually carries them. In many cases he may be the actual carrier

for at least part of the transit. He issues the transport documents, combined bill of lading;

4. As a specialist provider of ancillary self-standing services, such as customs clearance, warehousing, packing and port agency.

As freight forwarder provides for a transport-logistic scheme of delivery, he’s called a logistic service provider, or a transport manager.

His function and role can be compared with a travel agent’s job. People that want to travel can either make all of the arrangements themselves (book a flight, arrange accommodation, rent a car, etc.) or contact a travel agency to take advantage o f their professional expertise to find the lowest rates and travel accommodations.

A freight forwarder usually has a network of counterparts in the major shipping and transportation centers worldwide.

Communication with his/her counterparts facilitates the forwarder’s ability to track and trace cargo during transportation.

T h is is a list o f th e m a in ta s k s o f a fr e ig h t fo r w a r d e r :

1.The forwarder advises his client on the quickest and most economical transport mode, taking into account applicable trade rules and documentary credits that apply.

2.He advises clients on packing problems. He’s aware of modem packing techniques especially for the transport of perishable or fragile goods. Efficient packing can reduce cost, thereby increasing a client’s competitive edge.

3.The forwarder handles customs formalities fo r his client. He knows the tariffs and taxes so that goods destined for export are cleared through customs immediately after their delivery by the client. Thus, goods are more quickly available in case of import.

4.He sees to it that foreign trade regulations and instructions regarding documentary credits are adhered to. He assists in preparing and legalizing certificates of origin and

consular invoices.

5.The forwarder negotiates transportation contracts with carriers. Because of his daily contacts with several of these carriers, he can expedite deliveiy in case of emergency.

6.He consolidates different shipments into one, which results in an optimal use of the

available cargo space and competitive prices.

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7. The forwarder arranges fo r shipping insurance based on consultation and instructions from the client. His experience places him in a favorable position to negotiate and select the most favorable rates for his client.

8.He gives advice on warehousing and distribution. Many forwarders have their own warehouses and organize distribution, which speeds up and increases liquidity.

9.He completes all the necessary transport documents.

10.He arranges groupage or consolidation with other shippers’ goods destined for the same place.

The groupage or consolidation is the grouping in one cargo unit of the goods of two or more shippers, where all shipments are destined for the same place in the import country, e.g. an inland container depot. A groupage container is known as an LCL container (“less than container load”). Groupage is cheaper for the shipper, since LCL freight rates are lower than FCL (“full container load”) rates. Many freight forwarders and carriers offer both LCL and FCL services for shippers. Usually groupage of the cargo is carried out at a container freight station or inland container depot, by a freight forwarder offering this service.

BOLERO System

BOLERO stands for “Bill of Lading Electronic Registry Organisation” and was commercially launched in 1999. The BOLERO System is a technological environment, owned by the world's logistics and banking communities, in which paper Bs/L and other trade documentation are replaced by electronic messages sent via the Internet. It’s a project of the EU to study feasibility of electronic B/L. It’s a closed network and can only be used by subscribers. BOLERO is designed for all parties in the trade process: importers, exporters, freight forwarders, port authorities, inspection agencies, carriers, ship's agents, customs agencies and financial institutions.

It is supported by a legal framework based on a BOLERO Rule Book which establishes a contractually binding set of rules which all users of the BOLERO System are required to sign.

The backbone of the BOLERO System is the Core Messaging Platform, which enables users to exchange electronic trade documents via the Internet. The system is secure, is underpinned by a legal structure and is maintained by a trusted third party. All messages between users are validated. All messages are acknowledged and notifications are provided as requested. Additional messages determine whether the recipient accepted or refuses the stated offer. Another major feature is the Title Registry application, which allows for the ownership of goods to be exchanged online.

1. What roles can a freightforwarder play?

2. What are a freightforwarder s relations with a shipper and an exporter?

3.Whatfields should afreightforwarder be experienced in?

4.What problems does he advise on?

5.What documents does he deal with?

6.Why is the freight consolidated?

7.What is a groupage container?

8.Why is groupage cheaperfo r a shipper?

9.What is thefunction o fBolero system?

10.How does it work?

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Exercise 2. Comment on the following issues

1.Name the factors the freight forwarder is guided with when planning transportation of a consignment.

2.Name the parties involved in the trade process who may use the Bolero system.

3.Describe the way the BOLERO system is made secure.

Exercise 3. Define if thefollowing statements are true (T) orfalse (F)

1.If required freight forwarder establishes export and import licences, certificates, insurance policies and documents.

2.He acts in the name of his client, who still bears all responsibility during transportation.

3.The client will investigate transportation possibilities, compare them and find the ideal combination of price, travel time and reliability.

4.A freight forwarder has to be aware of political changes.

5.He has to be informed about government regulations.

6.Riots or strikes going on at an airport are no concern of the forwarder’s.

7.Carriers contact forwarders for transporting goods from departure point A to destination point B.

Exercise 4. Match each item to its definition

1. Consignee				A. The party who takes delivery of the goods from the carrier at
				destination port. It may be consignee himself or party acting as an
2. An LCL shipment				agent
				B. A company or a person who contracts with a carrier for the
3. Shipper				carriage of goods by sea.
				C. It’s the importer, but may employ a freight forwarder to handle
				import formalities. If goods are damaged he is the party who
				makes a claim
4. An FCL shipment				D. A shipment which wouldn’t fill a container and could be
				grouped in one cargo unit with other goods for the same place in
5. Receiver				the import country
				E. A shipment which doesn’t need consolidation (e.g. a container­
				load of Scotch whisky might be loaded into the container or trailer
				at shipper’s premises)
1	2	3	4	5	6	7

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Exercise 5. Here is a list of some transport documents which have to be completed by a forwarder: Multimodal B/L, Insurance certificate, Consular invoice, Airwaybill, B/L, Packing list, Standard shipping note, Certificate of Origin, Invoice, Commercial Invoice, Container way bill. Match the definition and the term

DEFINITION

NAME OFDOCUMENT

1.List of goods being sent. This repeats some of the information on a bill of lading, but is a separate document

2.List of goods or services that states how much must be paid for them

3.B/L covering more than one means of transport

4.Document that gives information about goods sent by container, and states whether the buyer or seller is responsible for insurance

5.Document that an insurance policy is written 6.Document completed by the exporter that gives information about a consignment. It is used as delivery note or receipt.

7.A stamp on commercial invoice, issued by the consulate in the importing country which gives permission for goods to be imported

8.A document that shows where goods were made

9.Document that gives information about goods sent by air, and states whether the buyer or seller is responsible for insurance

10.Shipping document that gives details of a consignment, its destination, and the consignee. It entitles the consignee to collect the goods on arrival

11.A document that will include the name and address of the seller and buyer, the terms of delivery and payment and a description of the goods being sold.

Exercise 6. Read the instruction to aforwarding agent andfill in the blanks with the correct term taken from the list below. Translate into your native language

shipment	pick up	formalities	arrangements	shipped
	insurance		handle

Dear Mr Simpson

Couldyou please (1)__________________ a consignment of 20 C2000 computers and make the necessary (2)_________________________ for them to be(3)_____________________ to Mr Tanner, NZ Busness Machines Pty, 100 South Street, Wellington, New Zealand?

Please (4)____________________all the shipping (5)_____________________and insurance, and send usfive copies of the bill of lading, three copies of the commercial invoice, and the

(6)________________________ certificate. We will advise our customers of (7)

______________________ ourselves.

Couldyou handle this a.s.a.p. ? Your charges may be sent to us in the usual way.

Yours sincerely, Neil Smih______________________________________________ ________________

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Exercise 7. Translate into English

Мы хорошо знакомы с современными условиями торговли, правительственными предписаниями и современными технологическими возможностями. Мы можем проконсультировать по вопросам, связанным с упаковкой товара, оформить все необходимые транспортные документы, выполнить таможенные формальности, организовать страхование, а также через широкую сеть контрагентов проследить движение Вашего груза в процессе его перевозки.

В задачу также входит найти лучший и наиболее дешевый вид транспорта, организовать начальную и последующую перевозку груза, проследить за соблюдением условий документарного аккредитива, организовать необходимое хранение груза. Эта деятельность называется транспортный менеджмент.

Part 2

•Corrosive - едкий

•Harmful - вредный

•Poisonous - ядовитый

•Carton - ("большая) картонная коробка

•С а п - бидон

•Drum - вытянутая бочка

•Bale - кипа

•Рай - ведро

•Barrel- бочка

•То dispense contents - распределить содержимое

•String, cord - веревка, жгут

•Sawdust - опилки

•Woodfibre - древесное волокно

•Refrigerant - охладитель

•То line with - обивать

•Crate —большой деревянный ящик, клеть

•Jar - банка

•Demijohn - большая оплетенная бутыль

•Igloo - авиационный контейнер

•A wide-body freighter - широкофюзеляжный самолет

•Wicker-wpyrbti. для плетения

Exercise 8. Read the text and answer the questions

P a c k in g

Packing refers not only to the materials used to prepare goods for transport, but also to the operation of putting goods into CNTRs. The packing must maintain the purity and freshness of its contents and protect the contents from the outside environment; if the contents are harmful, corrosive, or poisonous, the package must also protect the outside environment. The packaging itself must present no chemical hazard as well. The package must identify the contents and their quantity, and it must facilitate distribution.

T h e b a s ic m a t e r ia ls o f p a c k a g e s to d a y a r e :

paper, cellophane, steel, aluminium, glass, wood, textiles, and plastics.

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Conventional package forms include:

wraps, bags, cartons, cans, bottles, pails, drums, barrels and bulk CNTRs.

All packages must be sealed in some way, and many require an opening for dispensing the contents. The contents are usually identified by direct imprinting or by an applied label.

Goods can be wrapped (in paper) and tied with string or cord, sealed, or taped with cellotape. Sometimes materials such as sawdust, wood fibres are used to prevent damage. Perishables or special temperature - sensitive cargo such as vaccines and medical supplies are packed in dry ice. Its cooling effect is almost twice that of wet ice; in special advantages are that it doesn’t melt as a liquid one but turns into gas, and that it produces an inert atmosphere that reduces bacterial growth.

Grains, ores and coal are usually transported in bulk. Other goods are shipped in cases, sometimes lined with zinc to make them watertight. Cotton, tobacco and wool are sent in bale, either loose or pressed. Dry goods such as coffee or seeds can be packed in paper. Crates are large cases with slats used for sendingfurniture, fruit, etc.

Liquids can be packed in various types of CNTRs, such as jars, spray cans or demijohns. The latter holds 10 gallons (1 gallon 4.55 litre (Br.); 3.78 litre (Am.)). They are used for wine or acids, and are usually covered with wicker.

Goods destined for airfreight are made ready for transportation at the airport. They are built up and packed in Unit Load Devices (ULDs). These may be pallets, igloos or CNTRs. Pallets and igloos are designed so that they fit in the aircraft without loosing space. Intermodal CNTRs, whose weight and size are standardized can be lifted mechanically off trucks, railway flats and ships, can be loaded on the main deck of a wide-bodyfreighter.

M a r k in g

There are 3 principal types of marking which may have to be done on export packages:

1.The consignees’own distinctive marks

They are registered and serve as identification. They include the port of destination.

eg.	K R	X	X
Durban		Singapore
b) Any official mark registered by authorities
They are special marks demanded by the country of export or import (name of the
country of origin of the goods, weights and dimensions, etc).
e g.	FOREIGN	PRODUCE OF SOUTH AFRICA
Net weight		100 kg.	Dimensions
Gross weight		125 kg.	lm. x 1.5m. x 2.25 m.
Tare		25 kg.

c)Special directions or warnings

They are special instructions regarding manner of handling, loading, lifting and various warnings both for the owner’s and the carrier’s benefit.

1.What are the advantages o f intermodal transportation?

2.What aspects are o fgreat importancefor packing?

3.What s the purpose o fpacking?

4.What are conventional package forms?

5.What cargo is packed in ULD?

6.What are main principal types o f marking?

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Exercise 9. Match thefollowing English warnings with their Russian equivalents

1.HANDLE WITH CARE

2.G LA SS -W ITH CARE

3.FRAGILE

4.USE NO HOOKS

5.TO BE KEPT COOL

6.THIS SIDE UP

7.DO NOT STOW ON THE DECK

8.KEEP DRY

9.LIFT HERE

10.INFLAMMABLE

11.STOW AWAY FROM HEAT

A.ХРАНИТЬ В ПРОХЛАДНОМ МЕСТЕ

B.БЕРЕЧЬ ОТ ВЛАГИ

C.ВЕРХНЯЯ ЧАСТЬ

В. НЕ СКЛАДЫВАТЬ НА ПАЛУБЕ

Е.ПОДНИМАТЬ С ЭТОГО КОНЦА

ГОСТОРОЖНО, ХРУПКИЙ ГРУЗ

а о с т о р о ж н о

I.ОСТОРОЖНО, СТЕКЛО

ГНЕ ПОЛЬЗОВАТЬСЯ КРЮКАМИ

К.ДЕРЖАТЬ ВДАЛИ ОТ НАГРЕВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРИБОРОВ

КОГНЕОПАСНО

Exercise 10. Choose the cargo tofit thefollowing packing

Drum	dry ice
Tube with a vaccine	beer
Barrel	a dog
Crate	oil
Wicker basket	marmalade
Jar	cotton
Bale	furniture

Exercise 11. Find the odd-one-out

1.corrosive, watertight, harmful, poisonous

2.pail, wood, can, carton

3.aluminium, plastics, bag, steel

4.hazard, liquid, solid, gas

5.melt, wrap, tie, tape

Exercise 12. Read the complaint to the carrier. Answer the questions. Translate into your native language

Dear Sirs

Consignment note 671342158

The above consignment was delivered to our premises, at the above address, on 6 September. It consisted of eight boxes of red/white CDs, three of which were badly damaged.

We have contacted our suppliers, and they inform us that when the goods were deposited at your depot they were in perfect condition. Therefore we assume that damage occurred while the consignment was in your care. The boxes were marked

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FRAGILE and K EEP AW AY FRO M HEAT. However, the nature o f the damage to the goods (the CDs were scratched, warped, or split) suggests that the consignment was roughly handled and left near a heater.

We estimate the loss on invoice value to be US $500.00, and as the goods were sent ‘carrier’s risk’we are claiming compensation fo r that amount.

You willfin d a copy o f the consignment note and invoice enclosed, and we will hold the boxesfo r your inspection.

Yoursfaithfully

P. Gerard

Senior Manager

1.What did the consignment consist of?

2.What condition were the goods in when delivered to the carrier’s depot?

3.How does M. Gerard think the damage was caused?

4.What compensation is he asking for?

5.Why does M.Gerard feel he has the right to claim compensation?

6.What documents are enclosed and why?

Exercise 13. Complete the letter enquiring about a forwarding agent’s charges with the correct prepositions. Translate into your native language

Dear Sir,

You were recom m ended_______ us Stellman Ltd., our associates,_________

whom you have operated as forwarding agents.

We are looking_____________ a reliable agent to handle our deliveries___________

Europe, taking care__________documentation and making sure________ safe delivery - many_______our products are very fragile.

You willfin d a list representing a consignment we wish to send_______ Lausanne

_______ road. Could you let us have quotation, and i f it is competitive, we can assure yo u _____________ further business________the future.

Yours sincerely___________________________________________________________ __

Exercise 14. Compose the forwarding agent’s reply. Put the phrases in the correct order; addparagraphs, capitals and punctuation where necessary

Dear Sir,

1. ourfreight charges/of 10 November/thank yo u / enquiring about/for your fa x

2.	fo r shipm ents/ I enclose/ which includes all transport customs and
documentation charges/ our tariff list
3.	are highly competitive/I think/ that these rates/you willfin d __________

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4.	that we have/ in handling fragile consignm ents/ in addition/'extensive
experience/I can confirm
5.	and I will be very pleased/any fu rth er questions/please contact m e/to help/ifyou
have
6.	to hearing/I look forward/from you

__________ Yours sincerely__________________________________________________________

Exercise 15. Translate from Russian into English

1.Перевозке в смешанном сообщении во многом будет содействовать перевозка грузов в контейнерах стандартных типоразмеров.

2.Этот груз должен быть помещен в грузовой модуль, что позволит осуществить быструю и эффективную перевалку с одного вида транспорта на другой.

3.Не волнуйтесь о том, что Ваш груз повредится или потеряется во время транзита, он следует в сопровождении. Перевозчик несет личную ответственность за

сохранность груза, кроме того, он застрахован от повреждения, потери и хищения.

4. На контейнерной товарной станции грузы консолидируются. Ваш груз будет сгруппирован экспедитором с другими партиями грузов, следующих в одном направлении, и помещен в контейнер. Чтобы снизить транспортные издержки и повысить эффективность перевозки, используются стандартизированные контейнеры.

5.У Вас мелкие партии груза, и Вам важно, чтобы они прибыли к адресату как можно скорее.

6.Груз будет следовать на судне, и экспедитор организует быструю и эффективную перевалку с железной дороги на борт судна. Если на то будут указания отправителя, он также может застраховать груз от возможных рисков.

7.Мы ручаемся, что Ваш груз будет должным образом упакован, замаркирован и погружен.

8.Не забудьте прикрепить ярлык (affix) на каждую упаковку с надписью «Опасные грузы» в соответствии с применяемыми правилами о перевозке опасных

грузов.

9. Каждая упаковка должна иметь ясную и прочную маркировку, содержащую имя и полный адрес отправителя и получателя.

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UNIT 10

INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION

P a rti

Vocabulary

•Inland waterways transportation-перевозка на внутренних водных путях

•Inland transportation - внутренние наземные перевозки

•Drayage (haulage)- наземные перевозки

•Line-haul - магистральный

•Double-stacking- двухштабельная укладка груза

•A load unit- грузовая единица

•A node- узловой, грузовой пункт

•Propulsion system- система энергетического обеспечения

•Deregulation- прекращение регулирования

•Seamless network- однородная сеть

•То converge- объединяться, сходиться

•То reside in- быть присущим, свойственным

•A swap body- съемный кузов

•Semi-trailer - полуприцеп

•Data handling - обработка данных

•Processing and distribution system- система обработки и распределения

•Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)- электронный обмен данными

•Unaccompanied delivery - без сопровождения

•A lorry - грузовой автомобиль

•Articulated vehicle - съемный прицеп

•Low-loader wagon - низкорамная платформа

•То соре with - справляться с ...

• То penetrate to interior markets- внедриться на внутренний рынок

•Feeder shipping - фидерное морское судоходство *

•“One-stop-shopping” - технология «одного окна» **

*Фидерные линии - линии, работающие по сборно-распределительному принципу: из крупных базовых портов грузы развозятся мелкими партиями по близлежащим портам, и наоборот, осуществляется подвоз грузов к такому порту для накопления и отправки на дальние расстояния. Контейнеровозы и ролкеры, работающие на этих линиях носят название «фидеров».

**Технология работы «одного окна» - это концентрация спроса в руках транснациональной

корпорации и обеспечение удовлетворения такого спроса также одним предприятием - производителем услуг, как правило, транснациональной транспортной корпорацией (такую технологию называют также «аутсорсингом» - autsorsing).

Exercise 1. Read the text and answer the questions

Competition between the modes has tended to produce a transport system that is segmented and unintegrated. Each mode has sought to exploit its own advantages in terms of cost, service, reliability and safety.

Since the 1960s major efforts have been made to integrate separate transport systems through intermodalism, which took place in several stages. This involves the use of at least two different modes in a trip fr o m o r ig in to d e s tin a tio n t h r o u g h a n in t e r m o d a l tr a n s p o r t

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