Судоводы - 9 семестр / Видищева Т.В., Монастырская О.И. - English in Maritime Business and Law (2014)

cannot contract, i.e. the Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules or the Hamburg Rules. For example, if the clause stated that the carriage of goods was subject to the Hague-Visby Rules, these rules would then become part of the contract of carriage and would establish contractual obligations and rights of the parties. It is inserted in any C/P under which a B/L is required to be issued, and is also found in various forms in liner and charter party Bs/L.

Without the incorporation of the Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules or the Hamburg Rules, the parties to a contract of carriage are free to allocate the obligations and rights between themselves.

Most maritime states have incorporated one or other of the 3 conventions into their national law. In such cases the relevant rules are usually automatically incoiporated in contracts for carriage from that country.

An example of a simple Clause Paramount is: "The Hague Rules as amended by the Brussels Protocol 1968 shall apply to this Charter Party and to any Bills o f Lading issued hereunder. The Charterers shall procure that all Bills o f Lading issued under this Charter party shall contain a clause to include these rules”.

New Jason Clause (orAmended Jason Clause) is required to protect owners against the possibility of US lawsuits.

Under US common law, a shipowner cannot claim General Average contributions from cargo where there has been faulty navigation or management of the vessel. The owner will therefore seek to exonerate himself from liability for loss from these causes. However, the Harter Act 1893 made it illegal to insert any clause in a B/L exonerating the ship from liability for loss caused through negligence, improper stowage, etc. Even so, a clause was commonly inserted in Bs/L giving owners the right to claim General Average contributions from cargo.

Validity of this clause was tested in a 1904 court case concerning the s.s. Jason, and in 1911 after lengthy litigation, the clause’s validity was upheld by the court. It has since been extended to include salvage and is now called the New (or Amended) Jason Clause and commonly inserted in Bs/L and C/Ps.

Laydays and the cancelling date

Laydays

- refer to a period of specified days (e.g. Jan 8/15) during which owners must present the vessel for loading.

- should not be confused with laytime, which is the period allowed to the charterers for loading and/or discharging without payment additional to the freight.

The cancelling date

-is the final layday and the date beyond which, if the chartered vessel has not been presented for loading, the charterers may reject and cancel the charter.

-will usually be found in a Cancelling Clause, which provides that the charterers will not be entitled to cancel the charter before the stated canceling date, even when it is obvious that the vessel cannot arrive at the loading port by this date.

Together, laydays / cancelling or, as it is often called, the “laycan” is the period within which the vessel must be presented at the agreed port or place. If the vessel arrives before the first day of the period, the charterers do not have to accept her until commencement of the agreed laydays. If she arrives after the final layday, the charterers are entitled to reject the vessel and cancel the charter.

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The charterers cannot be made to declare whether they intend to cancel or not before the vessel arrives at the loading port. Even after the canceling day has passed, owners can still not compel the charterers to declare whether or not they will load the vessel (and in practice the charterers will often stay silent, hoping to make a new contract with owners). To avoid delay to the vessel in awaiting the charterer's decision on cancellation, some charter parties have an extension to the Cancelling Clause compelling the charterers to declare within a specified time whether or not they elect to cancel after being informed of the vessel's late arrival.

In C/Ps and related documents the laycan will usually be written as “ 1 0 /2 0 M a y ” meaning 10 May is the first layday while 20 May is the canceling date.

Laytime

- is defined in Voyage Charter Party Laytime Interpretation Rules (1993) as “ the period agreed between the parties during which the owners will make and keep the vessel available for loading or discharging without payment additional to the freight”

-is time allowed to the charterers for cargo operations without additional payment

-should in the interest of the owners, commence as soon as practicable.

-may be separate for load and discharge ports, or reversible (or “all purposes”.)

-may be of three types with respect to the method o f determining the duration:

•Definite laytime

• Calculable laytime •Indefinite laytime

- if d e fin it e will be stated in the C/P as a specified period o f time, e .g . “6 (six) days” or “48 running hours ”.

- If c a lc u la b le must be determined by making a computation from information in the C/P, e.g. where a cargo weighing 20,000 tons is to be loaded at a rate of 10,000 tons per day, the laytime will be 2, 00 days.

- If in d e f in it e the C/P may state that the cargo is to be loaded with “customary despatch” or “customary quick despatch” or “or as fast as the vessel can receive”.

C a n o n ly s t a r t to c o u n t a g a in s t th e c h a r t e r e r s a ft e r th r e e c o n d it io n s h a v e b e e n

fu lfille d :

1.The vessel has become an “arrived ship” within the term of the C/P.

2.The vessel is in all respects ready to load/discharge

3.Notice of readiness has been served on the charterers or their agent in accordance with the C/P.1

1.Why's this clause called “paramount”?

2.What are shipowner s liabilities according to US lawsuit?

3.Explain the reason o f Jason clause.

4.What’s the difference between laytime, laydays and laycan?

5.When can a charterer cancel a charter?

6.Why do charterers delay their decision about cancellation?

7.What are the types o f laytime?

8.What are the conditions to count against the charterer?

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Exercise 1. Find the verbs in the text that take the noun “vessel” as their object Use these word combinations in your own sentences, e.g. to discharge a vessel

y a v e s s e l

Exercise 2. Define the liabilities of charterers and owners under the following clauses using verb + noun expressions

CLAUSES	NEWJASON	CANCELLING
	CLAUSE	LAYTIME
OWNERS
CHARTERERS

Part 2

Read the text. Answer the questions.

Read the sample of NOR. Translate into your native language

Notice of Readiness (NOR)

-is a notice to the charterer, shipper, receiver or other person as required by the C/P that the vessel has arrived at the port or berth, as the case may be, and is ready to load or discharge;

-may be (and is often) given by the ship's agent on the master's behalf;

-must be given before laytime can commence;

-must be given within the “laycan” period;

-is often required to be given during office hours from Monday to Saturday;

-need only be given at the first of two or more load ports, unless the C/P provides otherwise;

-must be addressed to the charterers or their agent;

The C/P will normally state that laytime will commence at certain number of HRS after Notice of Readiness (NOR) is given or accepted; the waiting period is usually termed “notice time” or “turn time”.

If such period is not specified, laytime will commence as soon as NOR is given.

Messrs. Shippers, Receivers and Port Authorities

M.T. Corrona

Voy. No.01390/N-leg.

Port: Rotterdam-Waalhaven

Date:

Dear Sirs,

This is to notify you that the above vessel under my command arrived at the Port of Rotterdam at 2300hrsAugust 28 and is ready in all respects to load a cargo o f6500 metric tons ofACETON and 350 metric tons of METHANOL in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Charter Party dated 31 July 2005.__________________ ________________________________________

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Please acknowledge the above.

Yours Truly,

M aster o f M.T. Corrona

Notice accepted at 1700 hrs on August 29 2005

S ignature________________ (Shippers/Receivers)

Agent

Demmurage

If cargo operations are completed after expiry of the laytime, there is a breach of contract for which the charterers would be technically liable for damages. Owners and charterers will often find themselves in this situation, and to avoid the expense and unpleasantness of legal proceedings, liquidated damages, termed demurrage normally become payable by the charterers to the owners for each day, or part of a day, that the ship is detained beyond the time of expiry of laytime.

D e m u r r a g e is defined in the Voyage C/P Laytime Interpretation Rules 1993 as “an agreed amount payable to the owners in respect o f delay to the vessel beyond the laytime, fo r which the owners are not responsible. Demurrage shall not be subject to laytime exceptions

The demurrage rate, which is normally quoted in US Dollars, will normally be a daily rate that will at least cover the owners' costs of keeping the ship in port. Demurrage is normally paid per running day, i.e. without exclusion of any Sundays, holidays, or bad weather, strikes, etc., occurring during the detention period.

Despatch

If cargo operations are completed before expiry of the laytime, a monetary reward, termed despatch or despatch money, is normally payable by the owners to the charterer. Despatch will only be payable if provided for in a charter party clause (e.g. a Demurrage / Despatch Money).

Some charterparties stipulate “ free dispatch”, meaning that the owners will not pay any dispatch money if time is saved.

T h e d a ily	d is p a tc h r a te , which is normally quoted in US Dollars, is tr a d itio n a lly
h a lf th e a g r e e d	d e m u r r a g e r a te , the reasoning being that while early completion of cargo

may give the owners an opportunity to complete the voyage early and fix the vessel on another charter, the charterers may also benefit from early berthing of the next due vessel.

R e m e m b e r th e fo llo w in g a b b r e v ia tio n s :

B d i - b o th d a y s in c lu d e d

D 1 /2 D (D H D ) - D e s p a tc h h a lf D e m u r r a g e

L T S	- D e s p a tc h - A ll L a y tim e s a v e d
A T S - D e s p a tc h - A ll T im e s a v e d
W T S -	D e s p a tc h -		A ll w o r k in g		tim e s a v e d
F H E X	-	F r id a y a n d		H o lid a y s	e x c lu d e d
F H I N C		- F r id a y	a n d H o lid a y s in c lu d e d
S H E X	- S u n d a y		a n d	H o lid a y s e x c lu d e d
S H I N C - S u n d a y			a n d	H o lid a y s	in c lu d e d

1. What does NOR mean?

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2.What are time requirementsfor giving NOR?

3.Where must NOR be given?

4.Who is NOR addressed to?

5.When does the laytime commence?

6.When is dispatch paid?

7.How is dispatch rate calculated?

8.How is demurrage defined in Voyage Charter Party?

9.How is demurrage rate calculated andpaid?

Exercise 2.Look at the following extracts from contract clauses. A navigation word has been underlined. Link the underlined word to its meaning

Contract clauses			Meaning
1. The failure of either party to exercise any			A. after that event
right to which it is entitled hereunder			B. on that item
2. By referring to the points mentioned therein
3. And for a period of 12 months thereafter			C. by the terms of
agreement
4. The cost of the product, and the monthly
payments therefore			D. for that item
5. The Initial Fee together with any VAT thereon			E. in that matter
1_______ 2	3	4________5

Exercise 3. Read the enquiryfo r a voyage charter.

a)Complete the letter with the correctprepositions

b)What are the main items which are o fprimary importance fo r voyage charterer? Underline them.

Dear Sirs,

We would like to charter a vessel_______ one voyage_________ Newcastle, NSW, Ausrtalia,________ St Malo, Brittany, France, to take a consignm ent______ 4,000 (four thousand) tons o f bauxite.

Our contract states that we have to take delivery______________1 and 5 August, so we need a ship that will be able to load during those dates. Please advise us i f you can get a vessel and let us know the terms.

Yoursfaithfully,

Shipping Manager

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Exercise 4. Read the shipbroker's reply,

a) Answer the questions

____ V._______________________________________________

Dear Sirs,

You should have already received our letter (fax) in which we said that we had an option on a vessel, M S Sheraton, which is docked in Melbourne, Australia at present. She has a cargo capacity o f 7,000 (seven thousand) tons and although she is larger than you wanted, her owners are willing to offer a part charter.

They have quoted $12.30 (twelve dollars, thirty pence) per ton which is a very competitive rate considering you will be sharing the cost.

Could you fa x us your decision a.s.a.p.7

Yoursfaithfully,

Charter Department

(tonne - метрическая тонна)

1.What does an option on a vessel mean?

2.Where is the MS Sheraton at the moment?

3.Is the ship exactly what charterers wanted?

4.Why is the chartering cost lower for this shipment?

b)Underline the direct answers to the enquiries in the previous letter.

Exercise 5. Multiple matching. Match the extractsfrom voyage charters with the headings

1.Responsibility. Paramount Clause. Hague Rules

2.Cancelling Date

3.Loading/Discharging Expenses

4.Notice of Readiness

5.Commencement of Laytime for Loading/Discharging

6.Demurrage

7.Bills of Lading

8.Lien

9.Freight advance

10.New Jason clause

11.Both to Blame collision clause

Exercise 6. Read the passagesfrom Voyage Charter. Check your translation byfinding the corresponding point in Russian.

Underline the key points in both variants and compare them

	1. Судовладельцы имеют залоговое право
A. 10 days altogether on demurrage shall be	на груз в обеспечение любых сумм,
allowed at....per day or pro rata for any part o f a	причитающ ихся по данному чартеру, и
day, payable day by day.	расходов, необходимых для получения этих

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B. The owners shall have a lien on the cargo for any amount due under this contract and expenses necessary o f recovering same

C. A sailing telegram and running day’s notice of the expected date of readiness to load shall be given to the Shippers or their Agents who shall be kept informed of any material alteration of the notice date

D. The “Hague Rules” contained in the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to Bs/L, dated Brussels the 25th August 1924 as enacted in the country of destination shall apply to this contract. When no such enactment is in force in the country of destination the corresponding legislation of the country of shipment shall apply, but if no such legislation is in force in either country then the British Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1924 shall apply. The Owners and Charterers are entitled to the benefit of all privileges, rights and immunities contained in such enactment as if the same were herein specifically set out.

E.The cargo shall be brought to and taken from alongside the vessel by the Charterers or their Agents at their risk and expense, the Owners paying for loading and discharging

F.The time shall commence at 1 p.m. if notice of readiness is given before 10 a.m. and at 7 a.m.

2.Наличные деньги для обычных дисбурсментских расходов судна в порту погрузки в сумме, не превышающих 1/3 суммы фрахта, авансируются фрахтователями, если судовладельцы платят 2% в покрытие расходов по страхованию и всех иных расходов

3.Капитан подписывает коносамент, представленный в соответствии с проформой, указанной на обороте этого чартера, без ущерба для данного чартера. Фрахтователи освобождают судовладельцев от ответственности, если последние привлекаются к ответственности по этим коносаментам в связи с любыми претензиями, по которым судовладельцы не ответственны перед фрахтователями по данному чартеру

4.В случае аварии, опасности, повреждении или бедствия до или после начала рейса вследствие каких-то причин, независимо от т ого, являются ли они следствием небрежности, за которую или за последствия которой перевозчик не несет ответственности по закону, по договору,... груз, грузоотправители, грузополучатели или грузовладельцы должны нести свою долю убытков по общей аварии совместно с перевозчиком в порядке оплаты любых пожертвований, убытков или расходов, понесенных в связи с общей аварией и должны оплатить относящееся к грузу вознаграждение и специальные расходы по спасению. Если спасавшее судно принадлежит перевозчику или эксплуатируется им, вознаграждение за спасение должно оплачиваться ему

полностью, как если бы спасавшее судно принадлежало третьим лицам. Депозит в размере, который перевозчик сочтет достаточным для покрытия доли груза в общей аварии, вознаграждения за спасение, должен быть внесен перевозчику грузоотправителями или грузовладельцами до сдачи груза

5.Фрахтователям разрешается держать судно на демередже в течение 10 дней в целом по погрузке и выгрузке; демередж по ставке в день или пропорционально за часть дня выплачивается день за днем

6.Телеграмма об отходе судна и дневной нотис (календарные дни) с указанием

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next working day if notice given during office	предполагаемой даты готовности судна к
hours after 10 a.m. Any time lost in waiting for	погрузке			должны				быть			даны
berth at or off port of loading and port of	грузоотправителям				или			их		агентам,
discharge shall count as laytime	которых		необходимо			информировать О
	любых существенных отклонениях от даты
	нотиса
G Cash for vessel’s ordinary disbursements at	7. Груз должен быть доставлен к борту
the port of loading not exceeding l/3rd of the	судна и принят от борта судна
freight to be advanced by the Charterers if	фрахтователями или их агентами на их
demanded by the Owners or Captain, Owners	риск и за их счет. Судовладельцы
paying 2 per cent to cover insurance and all other	оплачивают расходы по погрузке и
expenses	выгрузке
I. The Captain shall sign B/L as printed below	8. Сталийное время должно учитываться с
without prejudice to this Charter. The Charterers	13.00, если нотис о гот овности судна дан
shall indemnify the Owners if the Owners are	до 10 часов утра, и с							7	часов		утра
held liable under the B/L in respect of any claim	следующего рабочего дня, если НОГ дан в
for which the Owners are not liable towards the	течение рабочих часов конторы после 10
Charterers under this Charter	часов утра. Время ожидания причала
	судном, находящимся в порту или на рейде
	порта погрузки или выгрузки, считается
	сталийным.
J. Should the vessel not be ready to load latest at	9. При столкновении судна с другим
12 midnight on the.... Charterers have the option	судном,		в	результате					небрежности,
of canceling this contract. If it appears that the	упущения или небрежности со стороны
vessel will be delayed beyond such canceling	капитана, члена экипажа, лоцмана или
date, the Owners may as soon as they are in a	служащих судовладельца						в	судовождении
position to state with reasonable certainty the	или в управлении судном, владельцы груза
day within which the vessel will be ready as	возмещают судовладельцам								все	убытки
above, give notice thereof to the Charterers	или	освобождают			от		ответственности
asking whether they will exercise their option of	перед другим, не перевозящим груз судном
canceling. Such option must be declared within	или перед его владельцами в той мере, в
36 running hours (Sundays and holidays	какой эти убытки или ответственность
excepted) after the receipt of the Owner’s notice.	представляют ущерб				или		иск владельцев
	указанного груза, оплаченные другим, не
	перевозящим данный груз судном или его
	владельцами владельцам указанного груза,
	и	зачтенные,			удержанные						или
	возмещенные			другим,		не			перевозящим
	данный груз судном или его владельцами
	как	частичное			удовлетворение						их
	требований к перевозящему судну или его
	владельцам.			Вышеуказанные						условия
	должны		применяться					тогда,			когда
	судовладельцы, операторы судна или лица,
	в ведении которых находится судно, или
	объекты,		участвовавшие				в	столкновении,
	виновны в столкновении или касании

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K. in the event of accident, danger, damage or	К). Гаагские нрапили, изложенные в
disaster before or alter the commencement of a	международной коипсицим но унификации
voyage, resulting from any cause whatsoever,	некоторых		правил,			касающихся
whether due to negligence or not, for which, or	коносамента, принятой в Брюсселе в том
for the consequences of which, the Carrier is not	виде, в каком они приняты в стране
responsible, by statute, contract, the cargo,	назначения груза, применяются к данному
shippers, consignees or the owners of the cargo	договору. Гели зги правила нс приняты в
shall contribute with the Carrier in General	стране	назначения,				применяется
Average to the payment of any sacrifices, losses	соответствующее законодательство страны
or expenses of a General Average nature that	отправления груза, но если подобное
may be made and shall pay salvage and special	законодательство нс действует ни в одной
charges incurred in respect of the cargo. If a	из этих стран, то должен применяться
salving vessel is owned or operated by the	английский Закон о перевозке грузов
Carrier, salvage shall be paid for as fully as if the	морем	1924	года.	Судовладельцы и
said salving vessel belonged to strangers. Such	фрахтователи		пользуются				всеми
deposit as the Carrier, or his agents, may deem	привилегиями,		правами		и	льготами,
sufficient to cover the estimated contribution of	предусмотренными						таким
the goods and any salvage and special charges	законодательством, так же как если бы эти
thereon shall, if required, be made by the cargo,	правила содержались в данном чартере
shippers, consignees or owners of the goods to
the Carrier before delivery
L. If the vessel comes into collision with another	11. Если судно не буден готово к погрузке к
vessel as a result of the negligence of the other	12.00,	фрахтователи			имеют		право
vessel and any act, neglect or default of the	аннулировать этот чартер. Если окажется,
Master, Mariner, Pilot and servants of the Carrier	что судно вследствие задержки не может
in the navigation or in the management of the	прибыть к дате канцелинга, судовладельцы
vessel, the owners of the cargo carried hereunder	могут,- как только они будут в состоянии
will indemnify the Carrier against any loss or	установить с разумной степенью точности
liability on the other or non-carrying vessel or	день, в течение которого судно будет
her owners in so far as such loss or liability	готово к погрузке в указанном выше
represents loss of, or damage to, or any claim of	смысле,- дать нотис с указанием этой даты
the owners of said cargo, paid or payable by the	фрахтователям,		с просьбой			сообщить,
other or non-carrying vessel or her owners to the	воспользуются ли они своим правом
owners of said cargo and set-off, recouped or	аннулирования		чартера.		Этот		опцион
recovered by the other or non-carrying vessel or	аннулирования		чартера		должен		быть
her owners as part of their claim against the	заявлен фрахтователям в течение 36
carrying vessel or the carrier. The foregoing	текущих	часов	после	получения			нотиса

provisions shall apply where the owners, судовладельцев operators or those in charge of any vessel or

objects other than, or in addition to, the colliding vessels or objects are at fault in respect of a collision or contract

Exercise 7. Complete NOR using the follow ing English equivalents

Passed by Port Warden	Please be advised	ready in all respects
For and on behalf o f Charterers	at the anchorage	estimated quantity o f cargo

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Port.____________

D a t e _ _ _ 2 0 0 ___

Messrs._____________

To whom it may concern.

(Пожалуйста, примите к сведению) that my vessel “________ ” arrived (рейд ) of the port _________ at _____ hours_________200___ and having been passed by the Canadian (USA) Department of Agriculture and by the port of Warden is now (готово во всех отношениях) to commence the loading of her grain cargo in accordance with all terms, conditions, provisions and exceptions of the governing Charter party.

(Предполагаемое к погрузке количество груза)________ tons.

Passed by Canadian (USA) Dep. O f Agriculture (Month, date)_______ 200 at____ hours.

(Принято портовым контролем)_______ th 200_______ at_______ hours.

Yours very truly,

Received a t_______ hours_____ th, 200___ . Time to count as per governing C/P.

(По поручению и от имени фрахтователей)

Exercise 8. Translatefrom Russian into English

1.Если судно не будет готово к погрузке к 12.00, фрахтователи имеют право аннулировать чартер.

2.Дневной нотис с указанием предполагаемой даты готовности судна к погрузке

должен быть выдан грузоотправителям или их агентам.

3.Время ожидания причала судном, находящимся в порту или на рейде порта погрузки или выгрузки, считается сталийным.

4.Груз должен быть доставлен к борту судна и принят от борта судна

фрахтователями или их агентами на их риск и за их счет.

5.Аннулирование чартера должно быть заявлено фрахтователями в течение 36 текущих часов после получения нотиса судовладельцев.

6.Фрахтователям разрешается держать судно на демередже в течение 10 дней в

целом по погрузке и выгрузке.

7.Капитан подписывает коносамент, представленный в соответствии с проформой, указанной на обороте этого чартера, без ущерба для данного чартера.

8.Оговорка “Парамаунт», означающая первостепенный, верховный, должна подчеркивать, что ее содержание превалирует над всеми условиями чартера. Эта оговорка была введена в практику фрахтования после нескольких американских судебных решений. По этой концепции обязательство судовладельца обеспечить мореходность судна носит абсолютный характер.

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