- •2. Phonetics and its branches.
- •3. Phonetics and a speech sound. Human speech and its stages.
- •4. Language and speech.
- •5. The theoretical and practical aspects of Phonetics.
- •The notion of the phoneme. The phoneme and its main aspects.
- •Relationship between the phoneme and its allophones.
- •The main trends in phoneme theory.
- •1.The notion of the phoneme. The phoneme and its allophones.
- •2.Relationship between the phoneme and its allophones.
- •3. The main trends in phoneme theory.
- •1. The three parts of Phonology as corresponding to the three levels of Linguistic analysis.
- •2. The distributional method in phonology
- •3. The semantic method in phonology
- •Lecture 4.
- •2. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic approaches as the principle aspects of phonological system.
- •3. Synchronic, diachronic and socio-linguistic factors in phonological system.
- •The phonetic structure of a language.
- •1) Type of obstruction;
- •2) Place of obstruction and the active organ of speech;
- •3) Force of articulation.
- •4. The position of the soft palate.
- •1. The place of noise.
- •2. The manner of articulation.
- •2. Constrictive;
- •3. Occlusive-constrictive (affricates);
- •4. Rolled;
- •3. The place of articulation.
- •1. Labial;
- •2. Lingual;
- •3. Glottal;
- •3. Differences in the Articulation Bases of English and Russian Consonants and their Peculiarities
- •It is a reference point which is fixed and unchanged, established within the total range of vowel quality to which any other vowel sound can be directly related.
- •2. Classification of English vowels.
- •1. Classification of the vowels according to the position of the tongue.
- •2. Classification of English vowels according to the position of the lips.
- •3. Classification of English vowels according to length.
- •4. Classification of English vowels according to the degree of tenseness.
- •3. Stability of articulation. English diphthongs.
- •Articulatory Transitions
- •Peculiarities of the cc, cv, vc, VV Articulatory Transitions in English and in Russian
- •Unstressed Vocalism
- •Lecture 8 the principle types of english pronunciation. The teaching norm. Rp and ga
- •Diphthongs
- •Lecture 9.
- •2. Types of Syllables.
- •3. Syllable Formation and Syllable Division.
- •Scale of Sonority
- •4. Vocoids and contoids.
- •2. Types of word stress. Factors, kinds and degrees of word stress.
- •Qualitative type of stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under stress.
- •Recessive tendency, 2. Rhythmic tendency, 3.Retentive tendency and 4. Semantic factor.
- •3.Rules of word stress. Stress in compounds.
- •Verb noun adjective
- •4. The functional aspect of word stress.
- •5. Strong and weak forms. Degrees of reduction.
- •6 Sentence stress.
- •2. The structural elements of prosody.
- •3. Intonation Patterns.
- •4. Fundamental Intonation Patterns and their Use.
- •2. Extralinguistic situation and its main constituents:
- •3. The problem of classification of phonetic styles.
- •2. Academic style.
- •Publicistic style.
- •4. Informational style.
- •5. Declamatory style.
- •Список вопросов к экзамену/зачету по теоретической фонетике.
- •Задания для самостоятельной работы
- •2. Declamatory style:
- •Plan of phonostylistic analysis.
Lecture 4.
THE SYSTEM OF ENGLISH PHONEMES.
The English Phonemic System.
Paradigmatic and syntagmatic approaches as the principle aspects of phonological system.
Synchronic, diachronic and socio-linguistic factors in phonological system.
The phonetic structure of a language.
1. The English Phonemic System.
According to the definition of the Prague school of linguists the phonemic system is a set of distinctive differences between the acoustic articulatory complexes of a given language. It is a sum total of phonological oppositions.
This definition is based on the concept of language as a whole, and it includes all the three aspects from which we regard the segments of the sound side of the language: acoustic, that is physical distinctions, are combined here with the articulatory, that is physiological peculiarities of the sound of speech. At the same time the most important category of phonology is reflected here as well: the phonological system is the sum total of phonological oppositions. And we have dealt with the problem already while defining phonemes of the language (functional).
Any system will work properly if it is closely connected with reality.
And in case of phonological oppositions there must be a very close contact with reality of linguistic communication, of actual sounds. In other words, the idealistic abstract paradigmatic approach to the language phenomena should not carry us away from the close observation of the reality, the sound matter in question and its multitudinous variations.
2. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic approaches as the principle aspects of phonological system.
The concept “paradigmatics” comes from the word “paradigm” which, according to the «Словарь …» by O.S.Akhmanova, p.310, «Совокупность флективных изменений, служащих образцом формообразования для данной части речи». So “paradigm” is an element of the emic system, it is the unit, which is the combination of all the positional variations of the allo-elements.
That is why paradigmatics , «… парадигматика – это рассмотрение единиц языка как элементов его системы, как совокупности структурных единиц, объединяемых в памяти и связанных отношением противопоставления. Единицы языка объединяются, таким образом, в сознании пользующегося языком, несмотря на невозможность реального их объединения в акте речи».
This means that “paradigmatic approach” regards all the language phenomena as the units of a system of language, as the combination of the structural elements. The paradigmatic approach regards qualitative oppositions. But the language should be studied in close contact with the quantitative aspect of the phonological phenomena in question.
Of late, the phonologists of many countries have started to lay much importance to the syntagmatic aspect of the phonological phenomena.
Синтагматика – первая фаза исследования языка, состоящая в последовательном разделении текста на все менее протяженные единицы. «Словарь …»
Syntagmatic approach to the phonological phenomema presupposes linear (or simultaneous) regarding of all the elements. It means that here we deal with the language phenomena the way they are found in speech, in its every day reflection. We are interested in their variants, their allo-realization. The units are in contrast with each other in their syntagmatic view, but not in opposition as it is in case of the paradigmatic approach.
Besides, the system of a language does not function in a vacuum and that is why any phonological phenomenon can be properly evaluated and understood only if we know: 1) the most subtle regularities and rules of the system in which they occur at present, and also, 2) we are aware of the state of the system during the previous period of its development.