III. Find in the text and write out English equipments for the following combinations.

Обычно взимается; как стоимость товара возрастает; намечается тенденция; может определяться, назначаться; социальные нужды; стадия производства; практически на все товары; проживание в гостинице; по всей Европе; свободы в определении собственных ставок налога; требовать возврата денег.

IV. Insert prepositions.

1. Some items are exempt … VAT.

2. VAT is imposed … all goods.

3. Governments try to compensate … the criticism by lower income tax rates.

4. Most people are unaware … paying VAT.

5. Many countries have a tendency to more … direct taxes … income … indirect ones … spending.

6. VAT is levied … the additional value … the product … every stage … manufacture.

7. Sales tax is a different concept … VAT.

8. An individual can claim a refund … any VAT paid … other people.

9. Sales taxes are usually not charged … such a high level.

10. Politicians benefit … lower income rates.

V. Open the brackets and use the correct form of the verb.

1. A sales tax may (to fix) by local or state authorities.

2. In recent years (to be) a tendency in many countries to move from direct taxes on income to indirect ones on spending.

3. Excise duties (to be) another form of indirect tax.

4. Excise duties (to levy) on alcohol and petrol.

5. A percentage (to add) to the final price in the shop.

6. Sales tax and VAT can (to levy) on products at a uniform rate.

7. Articles which (to see) as luxuries can (to impose) higher rates of tax.

8. Sales tax (to apply) to nearly all goods.

9. When goods and services (to exepmt) the trader does not charge.

VI. Pick up pairs of words.

Simple, luxuries, direct, different, the former, aware, sell, central, the latter, compulsory, decrease, sellers, deduct, optional, buy, increase, add progressively, indirect, complex, similar, local, payers, unaware, regressively, the former.

V. Find the construction “Complex Subject” in the sentences and translate into Russian

1. Every tax system is said to be complicated.

2. The tax system in this country is likely to develop fast.

3. The tax-payer was said to have been taxed on the total.

4. Income is supposed to be taxed in the country only when it is transferred there.

5. Taxable income is not expected to be calculated in the same way in every country.

6. The tax burden on the individual appears to have fallen I the past decade.

7. Any tax eventually paid on that income is likely to be at the marginal rate.

8. Paye is considered to be very effective.

VI. Translate the following sentences, using the construction “Complex Subject” and the following verbs:

to be said – говорят;

to be announced – объявляется;

to be believed – полагают;

seem – казаться;

to be likely – вероятно;

to be unlikely – вряд ли;

to be sure – наверное;

to be certain – непременно и т.д.

1. Объявлялось, что на следующий год вводятся новые налоги.

2. Все налоги, вероятно, мало популярны.

3. Система оказалась очень эффективной.

4. Кажется, социальный налог является эффективным обязательным страхованием.

5. Говорят, что местный налог на собственность был отменен.

6. Вкладчик, наверное, получит необлагаемые налогом проценты от своих сбережений.

7. Ожидается, что рабочие и служащие будут откладывать часть своего заработка в специальный фонд.