методички / 4031 ЭИ

6.Adam Smith and the classical economists identified four factors of production.

7.Entrepreneurs are part of the labour factor.

Упр. 10. Перепишите следующие альтернативные вопросы к тексту и дайте на них полные ответы.

1.Do you need land, labour or capital to manufacture a product that no onе else has?

2.Is the most basic of the factors of production land or labour?

3.Does land factor mean space to build on or everything that nature provides?

4.Do lifting, digging and building refer to manual or mental work?

5.Is an industry that needs many workers known as a capital or labour intensive industry?

6.Is skilled and fit or unskilled and unhealthy workforce more productive?

7.Have classical or more recent economists identified the fourth factor of production?

ВА Р И А Н Т 4

Упр. 1. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. В каждом предложении подчеркните причастия (Participle I) и укажите их синтаксическую функцию (часть сказуемого, определение или обстоятельство).

Образец:
Economists investigate the factors affecting the	Экономисты изучают факторы,
distribution of resources.	влияющие на распределение ресурсов.

affecting – определение

1.In Britain, there are about 250 industrial companies having an annual turnover over £500 million.

2.Working out the strategy of the company development, a board of directors must primarily consider shareholders' interests.

3.Having studied the situation in the labor market, the economist gave recommendations to the manager of the firm.

4.The number of students specializing in finance, credit and accountancy is constantly growing in our country.

5.When restricting the import of foreign goods, the government may make domestic producers less competitive.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски причастиями (Participle I Simple or Participle I Perfect), образованными от глаголов, данных в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

buy	check	coordinate	earn	have

1.Many countries provide an allowance for families ___ children.

2.When ___ the balance sheet of this business, the auditor has come across some false figures.

3.___ a large profit, the company decided to invest it into the expansion of production.

4.The first bilateral trade agreements ___ international trade were signed in the 1930s.

5.___ shares in a company, you become a shareholder and co-owner of the company.

Упр. 2. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. В каждом предложении подчеркните причастия (Participle II) и укажите их синтаксическую функцию (часть сказуемого, определение или обстоятельство).

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Образец:

Unless checked by an external auditor, the balance sheet won't be presented to the company's shareholders.

Пока баланс не будет проверен внешним аудитором, его не представят акционерам компании.

checked – обстоятельство

1.A bonus is a sum of money added to a person's wages as a reward for good performance.

2.Though suffered great losses during World War II, the economy of West Germany was rapidly restored and by 1960, it had become one of the strongest in Europe.

3.In August 2014, Russia introduced a ban on certain food imports in response to economic sanctions imposed by the US and the EU.

4.If declared bankrupt, a person may not obtain any credit.

5.The amount of money stored on a smart card or in your bank account is called the balance.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски причастиями (Participle II), образованными от глаголов, данных в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

establish	introduce	pay	produce	reduce	sell

1.At Christmas sales, people can buy goods at ___ prices.

2.Fee is an amount of money ___ for a professional service or advice of a doctor, lawyer, teacher, etc.

3.If ___, new technologies will enable the company to improve the quality of goods ___.

4.In all industrialized countries, there are employment agencies ___ for helping workers find job and employers find workers.

5.Exports are domestic goods and services ___ to other countries.

Упр. 3. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в форму Participle I или Participle II. Фразы перепишите и переведите.

1.consumers (choose) the cheapest goods

2.real estate (insure) against fire

3.the external auditor (hire) by a company

4.a person (own) a company's shares

5.the commodities (damage) in transit

6.the economist (analyze) the fiscal situation in the country

7.a newly (appoint) chief accountant

Упр. 4. Выберите подходящую по смыслу форму причастия. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1. Physical capital is the machinery, equipment and buildings ___ in production.

a) using

b) having used

c) used

2. Enterprises ___ final goods get higher profits than enterprises that export raw materials.

a) manufacturing

b) having manufactured

c) manufactured

3. ___ all the financial data, the manager was able to make a correct decision.

a) Analyzing

b) Having analyzed

c) analyzed

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a) earning b) having earned

c) earned

c) Decreased

a) Decreasing b) Having decreased

a) working b) having worked c) worked

a) borrowing b) having borrowed c) borrowed

a) hoping b) having hoped c) hoped

a) established b) having established c) established

4. The dollars are issued by the Federal Reserve System ___ by Congress in 1913. 5. A "bear" is a person who sells shares, ___ to buy them back at a lower price.

6. The money ___ for purchasing the building can be paid over the next 30 years.

7. Foreigners ___ in Russia get far larger incomes than those ___ in many other countries. 8. ___ the retail price, the company was able to attract thousands of customers.

9. Life isn't easy for people ___ the minimum wage.

10. Bank crises lead to withdrawal of money from commercial banks, thus ___ in their bankruptcy.

a) resulting b) having resulted c) resulted

Упр. 5. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия.

1.Selling and buying foreign currency is usually carried out at exchange offices at the rate set by a bank.

2.The accountants' work is collecting, selecting, processing, analyzing and communicating financial information.

3.Banks are interested in keeping most of their money in circulation so that it should bring them profit.

4.One of the ways of raising money without increasing taxes used by governments is holding state lotteries.

5.The worker's skill and experience are taken into account in calculating wage rates.

(б) Составьте предложения на английском языке, соответствующие по смыслу русским предложениям. В каждом предложении подчеркните герундий.

1.Без использования компьютеров, было бы трудно составлять финансовую отчетность правильно и быстро.

correctly		financial statements		rapidly		would be difficult

without using to draw up computers it and

2. Продажа товаров по завышенным ценам может привести к банкротству компании.

prices

result in

at

of

selling

the bankruptcy

may

products

the company

inflated

3.Viacom Outdoor – это рекламная компания, которая специализируется на размещении рекламы в общественном транспорте.

an advertising company

adverts

on public transport

that

placing specializes in is Viacom Outdoor

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4.Деньги используются для покупки или продажи товаров и услуг, в качестве меры стоимости и для хранения богатства.

for buying or selling

for measuring

for storing

is used

wealth

money

goods and services

value

and

5. Совет директоров возражал против получения ссуды в банке под такой высокий процент.

objected to			at such high			getting			a bank loan
	the board of directors						interest rate

Упр. 6. (а) Перепишите атрибутивные словосочетания, образованные по схеме

«существительное + существительное», и переведите их.

1.	e-commerce system	6.	skilled labour shortage
2.	employment agencies	7.	wages and salaries increase
3.	farm subsidy cuts	8.	market share
4.	mortgage credit payment	9.	after-tax company profit
5.	sales promotion	10. cost and price difference

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски атрибутивными словосочетаниями (1-7), данными выше. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.European farmers are planning a massive demonstration against ___.

2.Many small companies considerably increased their market share, after the ___ had been applied by them for ___.

3.In the US, the first ___ were established in the 19th century, when the economy was expanding rapidly and there was ___.

4.The ___ often accounts for 35% of the family budget and sometimes more.

5.In order to maintain profit after a ___, the companies have to raise the prices for the goods and services they provide.

Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Inflation

Inflation is an overall increase in prices over a certain period of time. It's also a worry for anybody who's trying to make ends meet, and a headache for many governments. The rate of inflation is often in the headlines. However inflation isn't really news. In most of Europe, for example, prices have risen year after year for at least the last 50 years. Deflation (overall decrease in prices) happens occasionally, but the trend is mostly for the cost of living to increase.

There are lots of ways of measuring inflation. One of the most popular ways is the retail price index. This is calculated by recording increases in price for a range of goods and services. This is sometimes called a basket of consumer goods. Some of the goods are weighted more heavily1 than others because they are more important. For example, food will be weighted more than the cost of a cinema ticket, because a 5% increase in price for food is more important than a 10% increase in the cost of seeing a film. Inflation is worked out from an average of all the price increases in the basket.

Inflation can occur for a number of reasons, and economists usually distinguish between two basic types of inflation: demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. Demand-pull inflation can happen when the economy is growing fast. Aggregate demand begins to grow faster than suppliers can cope with. This causes a shortage, and prices rise. At first, customers

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may be able to pay the higher prices, and demand grows again. This forces prices up even more, and the cycle continues.

One of the characteristics of demand-pull inflation is that there is often too much money circulating in the economy. This is explained by the quantity theory of money. This theory uses the following equation: money supply x velocity = average price x transactions.

Velocity is the speed that money is passed on from one person to another. Some economists say that velocity and the number of transactions don't really change. The only things that change in this equation are the money supply and average prices. This means that when the money supply increases, prices will increase too. For this reason, printing money is rarely a solution for economic crises.

Cost-push inflation, on the other hand, occurs when prices rise without an increase in demand. This happens when the cost of production increase sharply. For example, workers may demand higher wages or raw materials may become more expensive. Producers then pass these increases on to consumers by raising prices. So, as usual, we are the ones who pay!

Notes: 1are weighted more heavily – присваивают более высокий уровень полезности

	Упр. 8. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний.
1.	свести концы с концами	9.	инфляция спроса
2.	уровень инфляции	10.	инфляция издержек
3.	прожиточный минимум	11.	совокупный спрос
4.	способы измерения темпов инфляции	12.	дефицит
5.	индекс потребительских цен	13.	количественная теория денег
6.	ассортимент товаров и услуг	14.	денежная масса (в обращении)
7.	потребительская корзина	15.	издержки производства
8.	увеличение цен на продукты питания

Упр. 9. Перепишите следующие предложения. Если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, напишите «True», если не соответствует – «False». Исправьте неверные утверждения.

1.In most of the world, prices have risen year after year for at least the last 50 years.

2.Overall decrease in prices called deflation occurs occasionally in modern societies.

3.The retail price index is one of the most popular ways of measuring inflation.

4.In a basket of consumer goods, food is weighted less than the cost of a cinema ticket.

5.Economists usually distinguish between two basic types of inflation: demand-pull inflation and supply-push inflation.

6.Demand-pull inflation occurs when suppliers cannot cope with the growth of aggregate demand.

7.One of the characteristics of demand-pull inflation is that there is a shortage of money in the economy.

Упр. 10. Перепишите следующие альтернативные вопросы к тексту и дайте на них полные ответы.

1.Is inflation or deflation an overall increase in prices over a certain period of time?

2.Is inflation a worry for anybody who's trying to make ends meet or a headache for many governments?

3.Do economists calculate the retail or wholesale price index by recording increases in price for a range of goods and services?

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4.Are some of the goods weighted more heavily than others because they are more expensive or more important?

5.Can demand-pull or cost-pull inflation happen when the economy is growing fast?

6.Will prices increase or decrease when the money supply increases according to the quantity theory of money.

7.Does the cost of production increase when workers demand higher wages or when raw materials become cheaper?

ВА Р И А Н Т 5

Упр. 1. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. В каждом предложении подчеркните причастия (Participle I) и укажите их синтаксическую функцию (часть сказуемого, определение или обстоятельство).

Образец:
Economists investigate the factors affecting the	Экономисты изучают факторы,
distribution of resources.	влияющие на распределение ресурсов.

affecting – определение

1.Using credit cards, people can easily buy goods over the phone or the Internet.

2.Equity capital is the part of the capital of a company belonging to the shareholders of the business.

3.Having recovered money from its debtors, the company spent it on technological improvements.

4.Unlike workers receiving wages, a self-employed man receives profit.

5.Trying to cut labor costs, many companies are gradually reducing their workforce, replacing workers with machines.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски причастиями (Participle I Simple or Participle I Perfect), образованными от глаголов, данных в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

contain	install	manufacture	read	sell	summarize

1.The state budget of the US is a huge volume ___ more than a thousand pages.

2.___ the new equipment, the company decreased the cost of production and obtained higher profits.

3.A balance sheet is a financial statement ___ a company's assets, liabilities and owner' equity.

4.While ___ the text of the contract, the chief accountant noticed some misprints.

5.Two or more companies ___ or ___ the same product are competitors.

Упр. 2. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. В каждом предложении подчеркните причастия (Participle II) и укажите их синтаксическую функцию (часть сказуемого, определение или обстоятельство).

Образец:

Unless checked by an external auditor, the balance sheet won't be presented to the company's shareholders.

 checked – обстоятельство

Пока баланс не будет проверен внешним аудитором, его не представят акционерам компании.

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1.In Great Britain, the yearly advertising expenditure amounts to ₤500 million, which is equal to half the sum spent on education.

2.Gross national product is the value of all goods and services produced for sale during a year.

3.Though recently developed, this accounting software is widely used by bookkeepers for keeping records and for preparing financial statements.

4.Market regulates the quantity of goods consumed and services provided.

5.A board of directors is the group of people elected by its shareholders to manage the company.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски причастиями (Participle II), образованными от глаголов, данных в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

decrease	earn	locate	pay	provide

1.The oldest mint in the US ___ in Philadelphia has been in operation since 1792.

2.Part of high profits ___ by the company will be spent on charity.

3.If ___, input prices will make the production less expensive.

4.Taxes ___ by the working people are the main source of revenue of the state budget.

5.If ___ with the necessary resources, an enterprise can increase its output.

Упр. 3. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в форму Participle I или Participle II. Фразы перепишите и переведите.

1.a large amount of money (spend) on promoting the new product

2.the shop (sell) goods on credit

3.the equipment (install) at the metallurgical plant

4.a payment (make) through a bank

5.industries (produce) manufactured goods

6.consumers (choose) the cheapest goods

7.bonds (issue) by the Bank of England

Упр. 4. Выберите подходящую по смыслу форму причастия. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1. This firm is interested in the purchase of machines ___ by our plants.

a) producing b) having produced c) produced

2. The production of high-technology instruments is one of the most rapidly ___

industries now.

a) growing b) having grown c) grown

3. ___ a lot of money in a financial pyramid, he became very careful.

	a) Losing	b) Having lost	c) Lost
4.	Money ___ by the government or a company to a retired person is called a pension.
	a) paying	b) having paid	c) paid
5.	Economists explain most economic laws, ___ examples from people's everyday life.
	a) giving	b) having given	c) given

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a) using b) having used

c) used

c) connected

a) connecting b) having connected

a) Receiving b) Having received c) Received

a) borrowing b) having borrowed c) borrowed

6. When ___ from a bank, the money must be paid back by a specific date.

7. ___ a huge end-year bonus, he decided to invest in the oil company's shares.

8. Banks act as intermediaries ___ people having money with people who need to borrow it. 9. When ___, money makes an economy more efficient.

10. Stag is a person ___ newly issued shares, ___ to sell them at a profit.

a) buying	b) having bought	c) bought
a) hoping	b) having hoped	c) hoped

Упр. 5. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия.

1.Using computers for drawing up financial statements enabled accountants to increase the efficiency of their work.

2.The first bankers in Britain were the goldsmiths who earned profit from accepting gold and silver for safekeeping.

3.This company was accused of illegal using famous trademarks for marketing its lowquality goods.

4.Taxation is a system of raising money for financing government spending.

5.The bank manager carefully examined the company's balance sheet before approving the loan.

(б) Составьте предложения на английском языке, соответствующие по смыслу русским предложениям. В каждом предложении подчеркните герундий.

1.Проведение банковских операций через Интернет стало очень популярным в последнее время.

have become

the Internet

over

conducting

very popular

lately

banking transactions

2.В смешанной экономике правительство и частный сектор взаимодействуют в решении экономических задач.

interact

the government

solving

private sectors

in

a mixed economy

economic problems

in

and

3. Аудит – это проверка достоверности финансовой отчетности.

the accuracy

is

auditing

checking

financial records

of

4. Инфляция представляет собой процесс повышения цен или обесценивания денег.

a fall in

inflation

rising prices

the process

or is of the value of money

5.Одной из основных функций центрального банка является эмиссия банкнот и регулирование денежной массы.

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the money supply

main functions

the central bank's

and

issuing

regulating

one

is

banknotes

of

Упр. 6. (а) Перепишите атрибутивные словосочетания, образованные по схеме

«существительное + существительное», и переведите их.

1.

bank account

6.

price control system

2.

cash flow statement

7.

audit report review

3.

mass-production technique

8.

salary deduction

4.

state budget deficit

9.

full-time worker

5.

tax revenues

10. unemployment benefit

(б) Перепишите предложения, заполняя пропуски атрибутивными словосочетаниями (1-5), данными выше. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Large ___ usually results in rapid growth of inflation.

2.Many people open a ___ when they start their first job.

3.The ___ provides financial information about the sources and uses of a company's cash.

4.Most ___ go on public goods, including national defense, healthcare, education, public transport, street lighting and others.

5.___ was developed by Henry Ford to produce long runs of motor cars more economically.

Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Taxation

In the UК, the government spends about £500 billion a year. Where does such a huge amount of money come from? A government's main source of revenue is taxation. There are different kinds of taxes. For example, anyone with a regular income has to pay income tax on their earnings. Many countries operate a system called progressive income tax. Under this system, people with a higher income pay a higher percentage to the government. Another kind of tax is value added tax. This is paid when we buy goods or services, which are not essential, or are regarded as luxuries.

Taxation, however, is not only a way for a government to earn revenue. Through taxation, governments also achieve a number of other aims. Income tax, for example, should help to make the income gap between the rich and the poor smaller. Tax on harmful products like tobacco and alcohol should discourage people from consuming them. Finally, taxation is a way for the government to control overall supply and demand in the market. For instance, a very high tax on a product will mean few people can buy it and therefore its market will be very small.

So where does the tax money go? Revenue is generally spent on public services and transfer payments. Transfer payments are benefits that are given to families and individuals who need financial support. These payments include unemployment benefits and social security benefits for families who do not have enough income to get by.

Most of the rest of the revenue goes on public goods. These can be divided into two areas: pure public goods and mixed public goods. Pure public goods are things that are important for everyone in a society but they cannot be supplied by private business. To understand why not, let's look at the example of street lighting. Lighting needs to be offered to everyone who uses the streets. If a private business provided street lighting, they would need to charge for it. But how could they make everyone pay? This is why a government, and not private businesses, provides street lighting. Everyone pays for it through their taxes.

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Mixed public goods are things, which people ought to have because they are beneficial, such as health care and education. Why do many governments fund these things? The reason is that having a healthy, educated population is good for the economy and for society as a whole. People on low income may not be able to spend money on these services. Governments fund the services so that everyone can afford them, and this encourages people to use them.

	Упр. 8. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний.
1.	основной источник дохода	8.	спрос и предложение
	государства	9.	коммунальные услуги
2.	прогрессивный налог на доходы	10.	трансфертные платежи
	физических лиц	11.	пособие по безработице
3.	налог на добавленную стоимость	12.	пособия по социальному
4.	предметы роскоши		обеспечению
5.	получать доход	13.	чистые общественные блага
6.	разрыв в уровне доходов	14.	смешанные общественные блага
7.	налог на товары вредные для	15.	люди с низким доходом
	здоровья

Упр. 9. Перепишите следующие предложения. Если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, напишите «True», если не соответствует – «False». Исправьте неверные утверждения.

1.Income tax is a government's main source of revenue.

2.Natural persons on low incomes have to pay income tax on their earnings.

3.Taxation is only a way for a government to earn revenue.

4.The income gap between the rich and the poor becomes smaller owing to progressive income tax.

5.Tax revenue is spent on public services, transfer payments and on public goods.

6.Street lighting and national defense are examples of mixed public goods.

7.Governments fund health care and education so that everyone can afford to use them.

Упр. 10. Перепишите следующие альтернативные вопросы к тексту и дайте на них полные ответы.

1.Does the government spend about £500 billion a year in the UК or in the USA?

2.Do many countries operate a system called progressive or regressive income tax?

3.Is value added tax is paid when we buy essentials or luxuries?

4.Should tax on harmful products encourage or discourage people from consuming them.

5.Are transfer payments given to families or businesses that need financial support?

6.Are pure public goods supplied by private businesses or by a government?

7.Do health care and education refer to mixed or pure public goods?

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